Alice Munros The Red Dress and The Day of The Butterfly Essays

Alice Munros The Red Dress and The sidereal day of The ButterflyThe Red Dress and The Day of The Butterfly are two very interesting stories, written by an exceptional Canadian author, Alice Munro. Both of these stories are well written and can be associated with what goes on in todays society. The principal characters, human relationships, and the importance of symbolism exist, in both of these stories, strongly. There are many similarities, and also differences among the two short stories, that compare and contrast what can be viewed upon in our daily lives.The principal characters of The Red Dress is the narrator, whos name never gets revealed throughout the story, and the principal character in The Day of The Butterfly, Myra, have many similarities. These principal characters are both females with low self-esteems. Both Myra, and the narrator have no control over their lives, and therefore strive for their own unique individuality. However they both suffer because of the control that their parents have over their lives. They both have few friends and strive to be popular. However until they become individuals themselves they will continue to suffer.Another contribution to the story is the human relationships, that take place between both of the important characters. These character relationships are completely different. The narrator has many problems with her mother, and her best friend. The main conflicts that take place between both of the stories...

Charles Dickens Life Related To His Book, Hard Times Essay -- GCSE En

Hard Times For These TimesIn order to improve the sales of his own weekly magazine, Household Words, in which sales had begun to stock in 1854, Charles Dickens (lived 1812 1870) began to publish a new series of weekly episodes in the magazine. Hard Times For These Times, an assault on the industrial greed and political economy that exploits the working classes and deadens the soul, ran from April 1 to August 12, 1854.In the opening scenes that take place in the classroom, you become familiarized with the Gradgrind School and its fundamentals. The Gradgrind philosophy, based on the Facts, Facts, and much Facts of reality, is demonstrated as being not only cruel and destructive to the workers the Hands" of society but is also humanly inadequate to the Gradgrind family it served. Mrs. Gradgrind observed that her maintain has missed something in his life, yet, "not an ology at all." Louisa and her brother Tom, "the whelp," are nearly destroyed by the strictly m echanical principles of Gradgrindery. It was Hard Times for everyone.Sissy Jupe, who grew up among Slearys Horse Riding Circus, and was not exposed to the harsh doctrine of the Gradgrind family until later in life, represents the imaginative creativity and generosity that the Gradgrind family misses. The coming together of Sissy and Loo, at the conclusion of the novel at the circus, represents what Dickens believes industrial England needs. "Let me lay this head of mine upon a lov...

When Pigs Heads Talk :: essays research papers

What are you doing out here all alone? Arent you afraid ofme? asks a pigs head on a stick, covered in flies. But its more that,its an entity, which is hidden within the depths of the book,concealed for the reader to discover. The book Lord of the Flies byWilliam Golding contains symbolism all throughout the text, eachsymbol to be interpreted in its own way.The main symbol in Lord of the Flies is preferably obviously, the Lordof the Flies, which as aforementioned, is a pigs head on a stick,covered in flies. The symbol represents the evil within the boys thatreside on the island. Each one corrupt in his own, fearing whatresides within them. Jack with his macho attitude, while he is aleader, has actually took part in killing someone, exclusively then again, sohas every boy there. This evil could also be interpreted as a loss ofinnocence, in which the boys spiral from helpless teensy-weensy tykes tovoracious savages, living provided to kill.Another symbol, is just the flies residing upon the sows head. They seem to represent people that cling to evil, as though it wouldtheir only chance of survival. An example of that would be a stopnibal,whose own desires have led him to feast upon flesh, and then, evenwhen he knows that what he has done is wrong, he continues to do ituntil his nasty gorging has ended with his capture andpunishment. Oddly enough, the flies are feeding on rotting flesh aswell.Simon, the boy murdered by his peers, can be viewed as aChrist figure. While some may say it is Ralph, Simon seems more likea savior. He comes down from the mountain, bearing news of theboys repurchase from the beast that torments him and he is persecutedby them, each one taking part in the frenzy of his death. He alsoseems to be knowledgeable about things the boys cant comprehend. He is always off in his own little world, pondering something thatmost boys wouldnt even consider thinking about.Yet some other symbol in Lord of the Flies would the conch, whichRalph clings to so dearly. All of the boys see that as the upholding oforder, until Jack claims it not so. With the shattering of the conch,Ralph seems to plummet into a slight depression, wherein he hasnothing to remind of the upright and strict ways of his home. Withoutit he is nearly lost in a sea of his thoughts, buses as an example.

The Chrysanthemums :: essays research papers

In Steinbecks "The Chrysanthemums" Elisa, poster woman for the feminist movement is a dupe of her environment by disconnected. Working attempts to change and coming to realization that she will rem personal oppressed. Elisa opens her door of acceptance to Tinkerman. She yearns for someone to understand her quest for adventure. bury in the third world of individualism, behind her fenced flowers, she longs for escape. Despite her efforts, she looks forward to the recognition of her circumstance and imprisonment.     Elisa Allen is a lonely woman who enjoys growing and nourishing her chrysanthemums. Since her preserve is always extending by the fence, he never gives Elisa due attention and affection. Knowing that she can never intervene her husbands work Elisa watched them for a moment and then went back to her work. Her husband says I wish youd work out in the orchard and raise some apples that big. Letting alone his lack of interest for her chrysanthem ums, he does not even care about her. Elisa is vex and anger by her husbands lack of care, and she decides to take care of her chrysanthemums-symbol of how beautiful she really is. Despite her effort, she realizes that she is gradually detached from the world outside the garden. Her gardening area is a cage that protects her from say-so harms. Everything changes, however, when the tinkerman arrive. Seeing that the tinker shows interest in the Chrysanthemums, Elisa, although hesitant at first, melted the irritation from her face and begins to reach out towards the outside world.Knowing that the flowers and Elisa have interchangeable meanings, the tinkerman shows interest in her chrysanthemums, which reflects to Elisa directly, in order to persuade her to find something for him to fix. He says oh beautiful, with this, she now relishs appreciate and attractive to this stranger. His compliment to her about her flowers leads her to feel obligate to allow him to enter her world. The tin kerman asks Elisa to help another lady, Elisa feels strong and tight with eagerness. After giving the instructions, Elisa feels proud and good. After tryout the tinkermans description of his profession, Elisa wishes to explore more with him, it must be very nice. I wish women could do such things." The disappointment for Elisa follows her wishes, the tinkerman says it aint the right kind of a life for a woman. The time has come, Elisa must let the tinkerman go on to his own adventure, but in their exchange, Elisa gain confidence and realize how beautiful she can be.

Bloomsbury and Its Make-Up :: Bloomsbury History Literature Essays

Bloomsbury and Its Make-UpLiterature and Art were very important in the early 1900s. Someone could always cut into to a book or a painting to help them be more relaxed and feel more comfortable. One of the major radicals of the early 1900s that had both(prenominal) aspects of literature and art was the Bloomsbury group. This group was made up of a number of people, who shared similar interests and impressions. One of the more notable writers in the 1900s, Virginia Woolf was a piece of the Bloomsberries. Many of her novels have been heavily criticized and talked ab tabu throughout the years. Virginia Woolf as well as other(a) members of the Bloomsbury group led very native lives which led to radical art.The history of the Bloomsbury Group, with a special emphasis on its association in art and literature, has been well told(Dowling 11). The Bloomsbury Group, an in conventional coterie of writers, artists and critics who settled early this century in the district of that name in L ondon, has long been in danger of suffocating beneath a slagheap of nostalgia(Economist 102). They made Bloomsbury Square in London the center if activities from 1904 to W.W.II. This group included, Lytton Strachey, Virginia Woolf, Leonard Woolf, E.M. Forster, V. Sackville-West, Roger Fry, Clive Bell, John Maynard Keynes and Vanessa Bell. Four of the members had gone to Cambridge in 1899 and they were immediately taken by the intellectual air of the University as opposed to the sterility and boredom of other schools they had attended. Every Bloomsbury who attended Cambridge thrived there. Body and spirit, reason and emotion, work and play, architecture and scenery, laughter and seriousness, life and art, these pairs which elsewhere contrasted were there fused into one (http//www.feminista.com). Bloomsbury was always under fire. This is the greens fate of all groups, coteries and cliques, particularly if they have sufficient liveliness to make a new contribution to the thought of th eir time.Bloomsbury certainly has not been left out from the variations of aesthetic feeling and today its situation is similar to the Pre-Raphaelites forty years ago. Bloomsbury however was unlike the Pre-Raphaelites in that it had been criticized from a bewilderingly large number of points of view (Bell 10). The Bloomsbury Group has been praised as a hothouse for writing talent. The founders main concern was to maintain that magic quality they had discovered at Cambridge. There was no formal membership list or leader or set of rules to follow.

Bloomsbury and Its Make-Up :: Bloomsbury History Literature Essays

Bloomsbury and Its Make-UpLiterature and Art were real important in the archeozoic 1900s. Some wizard could always turn to a book or a painting to help them be more relaxed and feel more comfortable. One of the major(ip) groups of the early 1900s that had both aspects of literature and art was the Bloomsbury group. This group was made up of a number of people, who shared similar interests and views. One of the more historied writers in the 1900s, Virginia Woolf was a member of the Bloomsberries. Many of her novels have been heavily criticized and talked about throughout the years. Virginia Woolf as well as other members of the Bloomsbury group led very radical lives which led to radical art.The history of the Bloomsbury Group, with a special emphasis on its association in art and literature, has been well told(Dowling 11). The Bloomsbury Group, an informal coterie of writers, artists and critics who colonized early this century in the district of that name in London, has long been in danger of suffocating beneath a slagheap of nostalgia(Economist 102). They made Bloomsbury Square in London the center if activities from 1904 to W.W.II. This group included, Lytton Strachey, Virginia Woolf, Leonard Woolf, E.M. Forster, V. Sackville-West, Roger Fry, Clive Bell, John Maynard Keynes and Vanessa Bell. Four of the members had gone to Cambridge in 1899 and they were immediately taken by the intellectual air of the University as opposed to the sterility and boredom of other schools they had attended. Every Bloomsbury who attended Cambridge thrived there. Body and spirit, reason and emotion, work and play, architecture and scenery, laughter and seriousness, life and art, these pairs which elsewhere contrasted were there fused into one (http//www.feminista.com). Bloomsbury was always under fire. This is the common fate of all groups, coteries and cliques, particularly if they have sufficient liveliness to make a new contribution to the thought of their time.Bloomsbury surely has not been left out from the variations of aesthetic feeling and today its situation is similar to the Pre-Raphaelites forty years ago. Bloomsbury however was unlike the Pre-Raphaelites in that it had been criticized from a confusingly large number of points of view (Bell 10). The Bloomsbury Group has been praised as a hothouse for writing talent. The founders main concern was to maintain that magic quality they had discovered at Cambridge. There was no formal membership list or leader or set of rules to follow.

YbAl3 Compound

Title Electrical Resistivity and Seebeck Coefficient of YbAl3 CompoundI prep atomic number 18d YbAl3 specimens utilizing a hot-pressing technique and so I measured the Seebeck coefficient and galvanising voltaic resistivity all over the temperature scope 150-700K in an effort to measure their possible as thermoelectrical stuffs. My consequences memorialize that YbAl3 possesses an electrical military force mover dual those of the state-of-the-art Bi2Te3 thermoelectric stuffs. So I can reason that YbAl3 is a promising campaigner stuff for thermoelectric coevals utilizing low temperature waste heat.A thermoelectric energy convertor is really alone and dependable heat engine in which the negatron shooter serves as the working fluid, BUT, its more wide-scale application has been limited by its comparatively low energy transition efficiency, so that research attempt has concentrated on bettering its public presentation by increasing the thermoelectric -of-merit, Z=a2/rl, of ther mocouple stuffs, where a is the Seebeck coefficient, r the electrical electric resistance, l the thermic conduction a2/r is referred to as the electrical power factor.To day of the month, all the established thermoelectric stuffs are semiconducting materials in which the thermal conduction consists chiefly of two parts, a lattice and an electronic constituent with the former being significantly the self-aggrandizingr of the two. Solid province theory has provided theoretical theoretical accounts of the lattice thermic conduction and over the past four decennaries research attempts have focused on its decrease. Unfortunately, these attempts have met with limited success due to an attach toing debasement in electrical belongingss ( Rowe and Bhandari 1983 ) . Recently, attending has focused on increasing the electrical power factor and new stuffs, some with fresh constructions such as quantum Wellss ( Mensah and Kanyah 1992, Hicks and Dresselhaus 1993 ) and multiple possible barrier s ( Moyzhes and Nemchinsky 1992, Rowe and minute of arc 1994 ) are being proposed in an effort to accomplish this grade.Traditionally, intermetallic compounds are considered inferior thermoelectric stuffs to semiconducting materials because they possess low s-of-merit. However, a member of this household of stuffs is the rare-earth intermetallic compound YbAl3, which exhibits unusual raptus belongingss and may offer possible for development as a high public presentation thermoelectric stuff ( Van Deel et Al. 1974, Mahan and Sofo 1996 ) . The aim of this work is to look into the thermoelectric belongingss of this promising compound.Specific geometries are normally necessary in the appraisal of thermoelectric belongingss and stuffs with a comparatively big prop ( over 1 ten 1 ten 1 mm3 ) are normally required in the building of thermoelectric elements. Preparation of such large specimens of pure YbAl3 proved hard due to the peritectic nature of its stage diagram. Although big dim ension specimens can be prepared utilizing arc-melting technique, stuffs prepared by this method are constantly a mixture of YbAl2 and YbAl3 with different proportion depending on the get downing composing and readying conditions. However, pure YbAl3 pulverization can be obtained by crystal growing or solid diffusion ( Rowe et al.1997 ) in an aluminum oxide crucible with extra aluminum utilizing a alleged flux technique ( Canfield and Fisk 1992 ) . A hot-pressing technique was employed to fix the compact specimens about 6 millimeters in diameter and 1.5 millimeter midst. Hot-pressing at 200 MPa was carried out in vacuity ( about 10-2 millimeter of mercury ) and at a temperature of 700 K for approximately 4 hours, followed by a heat intervention at about 900 K in an aluminum surplus environment for 15 hours. The denseness of the specimen is estimated to be approximately 88 % of its theoretical value. The Seebeck coefficient and electrical electric resistance as a map of temperature over the scope 150-700 K were measured simultaneously utilizing an setup described in ref. ( Rowe et al. 1997 ) .The consequences of the measured Seebeck coefficient and electrical electric resistance are shown in 1 and 2, severally. The corresponding values for the established thermoelectric stuffs Bi2Te3 based metals ( Yim and Rosi 1972 ) are besides shown in the s for comparing ( broken lines ) . As expected, the electrical electric resistance is much lower than that of Bi2Te3 metal. However, although the Seebeck coefficient of YbAl3 is lower than that of Bi2Te3 based alloys, it is well larger than that of the other intermetallic compounds or metal metals. Consequently, a big electrical power factor is obtained over the whole temperature scope investigated as shown in 3. A maximal a2/r value of about 90 ten 10-4 W/mK2 is obtained at a temperature of around 250 K, which is about twice every bit big as that of the best thermoelectric stuffs antecedently reported, and over the tempe rature scope 300-700 K, it exceeds that of Bi2Te3 based metals by at least 50 % .The temperature dependance of the Seebeck coefficient for both YbAl3 and Bi2Te3 based alloys appears similar the Seebeck coefficient ab initio increases with an addition in temperature until it reaches a maximal around room temperature and so decreases with a farther addition in temperature. However, the electrical electric resistance of YbAl3 additions with an addition in temperature over the whole temperature scope, while that of Bi2Te3 exhibits a similar tendency as that of the Seebeck coefficient. Bi2Te3 based metals are narrow band-gap semiconducting materials and the temperature dependance of the Seebeck coefficient and electrical electric resistance can be explained within the model of semiconducting material conveyance theory. YbAl3 is a rare-earth intermetallic compound which exhibits unusual electrical belongingss due to the Kondo effect a lower limit is observed in the temperature dependance of the electrical electric resistance accompanied by a significant value of the Seebeck coefficient. As a consequence, stuffs which exhibit the Kondo effect may possess a significantly big power factor. Furthermore, divergences from the Weidemann-Franz-Lorenz legal philosophy have besides been observed in Kondo materials ( Bauer 1991 ) , which may ease use of the thermic conduction in a similar manner to that in semiconducting materials ( White and Klemens 1992 ) .In drumhead, YbAl3 exhibits a well larger electrical power factor than any other presently available thermoelectric stuffs over the temperature scope 300-500 K. It offers a typical advantage for electrical power coevals utilizing waste hot H2O ( & lt 425 K ) , where the electrical power denseness quite than the transition efficiency is a major consideration ( Rowe and Min, 1996 ) . Furthermore, an improved apprehension of its well big electrical power factor and possible divergence from the Weidemann-Franz-Lorenz juris prudence may supply an penetration into increasing the thermoelectric -of-merit in other stuffs.This work is supported by the New Energy and Industrial Technology growing Organisation ( NEDO ) , the Energy Conversion Centre, Japan. Prof. R.J.D.Tilley, Mr. R. Jones and Dr. D. Pasero are acknowledged for X-ray analysis of specimens.Bauer, E. , Adv. Phys. , 40, ( 1991 ) , p417Canfield, P.C. and Fisk, Z. , Philosophical Magazine, 65, 6, ( 1992 ) , p1117Yokels, L.D. and Dresselhaus, M.O. , Phys. Rev. B47, ( 1993 ) , 12 p727Mensah, S.Y. and Kanyah, G.K. , J. Phys Condens. Mater. 4, ( 1992 ) , p919Mahan, G.C. and Sofo, J. O. , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol 93, July, ( 1996 ) , p7436Moyzhes, B.Y. and Nemchinsky, V. , Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Thermoelectrics, ( 1992 ) , Arlington, Tx. , USA, p232Rowe, D.M. and Bhardari, C.M. , innovational Thermoelectrics ( Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983 )Rowe, D.M. and Min, G. , Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Th ermoelectric, ( 1994 ) , Kansas City, USA, p339Rowe, D.M. and Min, G. , IEE Pro.-Sci. Meas. Technol. Vol. 143. No. 6. , ( 1996 ) , 351Rowe, D.M. , Min, G. , Williams, S.G.K. , Kuznestsov, V. and Aourn, A. , NEDO Technical Results Report TR3 ( 1996-1997 ) , University of Wales, Cardiff, ( 1997 )Van Daal, H.J. , Van Aken, P.B. and Buschow, K.H.J. , Phys. Lett. , 49A, 3, ( 1974 ) , p246White, D.P. and Klemens, P.G. , J. Appl. Phys. , 71 ( 9 ) , ( 1992 ) , p4258Yim, W.M. and Rosi, F.D. , Solid-State Electronics, 15, ( 1972 ) , p1121

Racism on Sociology Essay

1. IntroductionThis topic is geared towards the issue of racial discrimination. As a basis for the discussion, this topic will present a instance of discrimination against Negro citizens and their right to vote. This case will show the conflicting roles which the different aspects of the regimen play in order to display an attempt to address this social problem. At the same time, this topic will show how the organization can rescue no control over the forces within the society that fox a far greater submit on the perspective of human beings.On the other hand, this topic will also show how the government can lose control due to forces within the society that have a greater influence on the perspective of human beings. These forces will be explained further and will manifest their role in the presented case to show how human beings can crush the safeguards created by the government to counter discrimination.2. Sociological Approach(Structural Functionalist, Social Conflict, Sym bolic interaction)The material may be related to the Social Conflict speculation. This is a theory that claims that people within a society vary on the amount of resources available to them, and the people with more resources are, by consequence, more violenceful. These people use their power and available resources to exploit the people with less power.In the case of U.S. vs. Alabama et. al., the placard of registrars and the regularise Court were the parties in power. The available resource the plank of Registrar had was in the form of political power which they intended to monopolize by not allowing the negro citizens a voice in the decision making process. The soil Court had the resource of levelheaded knowledge which it used to seat on an oppressive decision in favor of the Board of Registrars. The Negro citizens, so long as they were being denied of their power to vote, were also being denied of their opportunity to be represented so they can voice their grievances and uplift their standing in the society.The Symbolic Interaction theory may also be applicable to the material. This is a theory that claims that people deal with circumstances, people and other things depending on how much value these things have for them. These values are determined by interactions within the society and altered by individual interpretation.This theory can be applied to the way the District Court made its decision and how it interpreted the civilised Rights Act of 1957. If the District Court had allowed the declaratory and injunctive relief, this would mean the Board of Registrars could no longer continue their preferential activities. This might affect the very culture of Macon County w here the Negro citizens right to vote was not the only problem. In the case of Lee vs. Macon County Board of Education (267 F. Supp 458,470-M.D. Ala 1967), there was another racial discrimination issue segregation.Perhaps the District Court decided the way it did, and ignored t he amendment to the civil Rights Act of 1957, in order to avoid wreaking havoc within a highly racist community.But what caused the prejudice within the Macon, Alabama county? In the absence of any inside information of what the Board of Registrars did and the effects of their actions, I will have to play safe and resort to the Culture Theory of Prejudice. This is the theory that claims that everyone is prejudiced because it is part of how we were raised. An example of this is when parents furcate their children they need to marry someone of the same race. With regard to the norms within Macon county, I have sited another case on top of the material discussed here as a means of showing the norms. Discrimination was practiced and accepted, and the children growing up in that environment grow up believing that discrimination is right. The Board of Registrars and, probably still the district court, may have been composed of people who were born and raised in the same environment. Gi ven that discrimination may be embedded in their system, it will take more than a legal amendment to change their ways.3. BodyThis case was filed by the United States for practices that deprived Negro citizens of their voting rights. The United States prayed for declaratory and injunctive relief from the 5th District Court with the Board of Registrars of an Alabama county (Macon) as entertainants. The district court denied the petition on the following curtilage1. The individual respondents were sued as Registrars. They resigned from their offices and could no longer be sued in their official capacities2. The Board of Registrars could not be sued3. The action was not authorized by the Civil Rights Act of 1957.The decision was affirmed by the Appeals court and paved the way for a petition for certiorari.The central argument for this case is based on the amendment of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 which authorized actions against the state? The independent Court ruled that the Distr ict Court had authority to hear the case by virtue of the amendment, and that such amendment had already taken effect before the case reached the Supreme Court.I think the decision of the Supreme Court appears discriminatory since it will compel the state to defend its efforts to stop discrimination. But, from a legal standpoint, what the Supreme Court merely did was acknowledge the right of the public to suspicion actions effected by the state. This is a necessity safeguard for democracy to thrive. Unfortunately, what was being questioned was an action for a good cause to stop the proliferation of racial discrimination.The above ruling implies that the government may be subjected to legal attacks even when it is making an effort to stand up for the rights of its citizens who they suspect are being oppressed by the majority. The more positive implication with the Supreme Court ruling is that the state is not infallible and the decisions made by the people in its government mat be questioned.The option to question the state is still relevant today. The government is composed of mere mortals who have made mistakes in the past and will most likely continue to make mistakes in the future. It should be comforting to the society to know that they can demand for the correction of these mistakes rather than simply surrender to the decisions of a higher power even when such decisions are detrimental to their interests.However, the right to vote has long become moot and academic, at least in the New World. This is a right that is already widely granted to citizens regardless of their race. If there is any discrimination issue that surrounds voting and elections, it may be the amount of confidence that people will put on a candidate who belongs to a minority, and if people vote for candidates simply because they are white even when there is a more promising candidate of color.4. ConclusionThis topic centered on the social implications of discrimination. The case zero es in on the right to vote among Negro citizens as an example of racial discrimination. This case showed the intent of the government to ease the discrimination. The case also showed the legal impediments that stand in the way of the government in its attempt to make authorized that all its citizens are given equal rights.But this topic also showed that discrimination stems from the attitude of human beings, which in turn is developed by their different experiences within the society. The negativity in their attitude may be aggravated by their social standing and the resources that are available to them. These are factors that the government cannot control without also controlling the amount of freedom that their citizens are entitled to.

A Trip to an Unfamiliar Place

Adwoa A Adu 10/1/12 English hundred and one Final Draft A Trip to an unfamiliar place It all started when I was called to see the principal of my civilise (high school), we were actually five girls involved and we were change of location to England because we had an exchange program with a school in Kent, England called the Weald of Kent Grammar School for girls. I was so excited because it was my first time travelling outside Africa and it did have a good impact on me. In all, we were about thirty students chosen and these students should be good academically and also have good morals.Before we left for England at that place were a lot of preparations we did while we were inn school, we learnt some new dances, poems in French and other dialects in my country Ghana, this part of learning dances was funny because it was so hard for since I am not a good dancer but I made it through at the end. We also learnt other cultures because we were leaving to have some presentations in the school and we didnt forget diseases that are killing Africans like Malaria, AIDS, Tuberculosis and so on, we did researches on these when we went back home on vacation. We came back to school from our vacation with our luggage ready to leave for England.From school to the airport was precise boring, it was about an hour and thirty minutes drive, we left school around 6pm and arrived at the airport 830pm our plane was taking off at 12 midnight so we hanged around the airport for a couple of hours. My dada was there with so was other parents with their daughters. I had mixed feelings at the time my dad was there till he left because I was sad and the particular that I was leaving him and happy because I was travelling to a place I had never been before. We checked in at 10pm and the plane took off at 12 midnight.It was boring in the plane so I slept from Ghana to Morocco where we made a transit and we took another plane from Morocco to Lon put one across Airport where the Weald of Kent girls picked us from they took us to their school and we met the families we were going to live with I met my own family too and we went to their house. My first day with them was a feeling I cant rightfully express with words but I will say I was very shy because I hadnt come into contact with British or the Whites before but after my third day I got along well with them and felt very happy living with my new family, they were very terrific people.Except for workweekends, every morning I went to school with Laura and Laura was the student I had come to live with her family. My first day at Weald of Kent Grammar School was exciting because first of all, I was marveled at the site of the school beautiful building it was and the grass are kept short and clean. Classes with them was great, we had a Social Studies and Japanese classes and I loved it I learnt some new words in Japanese language. We had classes the first week from Monday to Friday and on the weekend I spent at hom e with my family.The next week we went with the principal of the school to tour the city of London we went to the Buckingham Palace where the Queen of England lived, there were a lot of people around because a parade was macrocosm held in front of the palace. From there we went on to see the London Eye its a huge Ferris situate on the River Thames in England, we also cruised on the River Thames it was fun and a good experience. We also took some pictures in front of the Westminster Abbey this is a collegiate church of St Peter, a very large one situated in the city of Westminster my friends and family loved the pictures when I showed it to them back in Ghana.There were a lot of great thing we saw like the clock Tower in Westminster, the Tower of London, very beautiful malls where we shopped in fact I really enjoyed myself with my colleagues. In the second week, Thursday precisely, we went back to school and I attended a French class which we watched a movie we were to analyze, I l oved it so much and the reason that made me enjoy their classes is their way of teaching and learning, its marvelous, very easy to follow the teacher, very easy to understand and its ok to ask questions.They have a lot of facilities that makes learning easier compared to my school in Africa where we dont get such opportunities but if we adapted such strategies will make going to school fun and easy. On Friday night, a farewell watching was held at the school premises because we were leaving the next day on that night we did some African dances, recited African poems, some cultural presentations and they also gave us some performances since it was an exchange program.When I got home that Friday night, I packed all my stuff ready for tomorrow I was very sad but I spent some time with the family we talked about Ghana compared to England and the wished to visit one day. The next morning we all met at the school and a bus took us to the airport, indeed this trip was a very memorable one which is always in my memories especially because of the way the teachers at the school taught and how they taught us to learn changed my intelligence about learning and that was a very good impact it had on me and I wish to go on a trip to England the second time.

Role of Urbanization in the Aegean

The Aegean civilizations, the Assyrians, and the Israelites, though in the same hemisphere, were three distinct queerdoms. Each educateed into its own kingdom with its own circle of rules, beliefs, religion, and political concepts. Ultimately, each had its own culture. Yet, there was something that underlied these three cultures that connected them in a subtle manner. All three of these civilizations underwent urbanization. Though the specific cultures of each civilization developed differently, the role of urbanization affected each in roughly the same way.During this period of the Late Bronze Age, commerce and communication boomed exponentially. No endless would kingdoms maintain their isolationist beliefs. They had to trade and interact with other cultures in order to maximize opportunity cost and obtain as many foreign goods as possible. This inevitably resulted in shared cultures and assimilated beliefs. Along the Aegean Sea, the Minoans had widespread connections to Egypt, Syria, and Mesopotamia. Similarly, Mycenaean Greece traded with many civilizations, including its neighbor the Minoans.The early Greeks were around likely influenced by Minoan architecture and pottery. Its sudden wealth also came from trade with Minoan. In the Assyrian kingdom, they also developed trade centers. They imported goods like metals, fine textiles, dyes, gems, ivory, and silver. Because of trade centers, specialization arose, creating jobs like artisans and merchants. In the Israel kingdom, King Solomon created alliances with the Phoenicians and then developed a trading partner. Together, the Phoenicians and the Israelites explored the Red Sea to find any hidden treasures.The creation of urban centers helped facilitate this trade, and thus, expanded the perspectives of these cultures. finished interaction with other civilizations, cultures were shared and ideas, along with goods, were traded. Because of an influx of commerce and communication, a powerful military mac hine must also be kept. Urban centers helped control the military in order to facilitate trade. The Minoans and Mycenaeans developed strong seafaring skills and created wooden vessels to help them trade around the Mediterranean.They exported wine, olive oil, and textiles, and in return imported amber, ivory, and most importantly, metals. In the Assyrian kingdom, there was a superior military organization with professional soldiers. The Assyrians developed iron weapons, dug tunnels, and built mobile towers for archers. Not only did they develop military tactics for conquest, but they also used terror tactics to discourage resistance and rebellion and ultimately maintain control. As for the Israelites, David became the first king and he united the tribes into a monarchy.These urban centers established stronger royal authority and led to an army in order to expand borders in search of innate(p) resources. Stronger militaries meant stronger civilizations, so urbanization helped strengt hen the power of nobility and expand borders. Last but not least, urbanization helped develop societal structures, religious ideals, and art and technology. foreign other civilizations, Minoans did not have strong, aristocratic leaders. In Mycenaean Greece, an elite class did develop.Shaft graves, burial sites for the elite, were filled with gold, weapons, and utensils, revealing that the ancient Greeks believed in some rebound of afterlife. The cities also had fortification walls and palaces filled with paintings from war and daily life. In contrast, the Assyrians used terror to maintain order in cabaret. The king was the center of the Assyrian universe. Everything he did was mandated by the god Ashur. Through government propaganda, royal inscriptions, and ruthless punishments, the king maintained power in the kingdom.The Library of Ashurbanipal gives insight into official documents and literary texts to help award the daily life of the elite members of Assyrian society. As for the Israelites, monotheism became the crux of Israelite society. They built temples as sanctuaries in order to link religious and political power. Priests became a wealthy class, thus creating a gap between the urban and the rural, the rich and the poor. In families, there were also gender gaps. Male heirs were critical. While women were respected, they could not own property. As society urbanized, their roles became more and more limited and specialized.While these little bits and pieces of everyday life in these ancient civilizations may seem insignifi evictt, they are like pieces of an infinitely large puzzle. If we cease uncover as many pieces as we can and put them together, we can approximate a picture of what life was like in these ancient civilizations. We can figure out how urbanization was important to the development of these kingdoms, and use these cultural artifacts to uncover what daily life was like. After all, artifacts are the key to our past. Without them, our pa st would be an elusive enigma.

7 C’s of Effective Business Communication

7 Cs Of Effective Business Communication PRINCIPLE OF utiliseful COMMUNICATION 7CS To compose effective written or oral marrows, you must(prenominal) apply certain communication principles. These principles provide guideline for choice of suffice and style of presentation, adapted to the purpose and murderer of your means. These principles argon not only limited to a sentence level, they atomic number 18 also applicable to all forms of communications, from genuine utterances and sentences to complete documents or presentations.To some extent the principles overlap beca go for they are based on a common concern for the audience, whether that audience consists of listeners or stateers. These principles are called 7 Cs, these are completeness, concision, consideration, concreteness, clarity, courtesy, and correctness. The septet Cs are as follows 1) Completeness Message Receiver- either listener or sound outer, desire complete education to their question. e. g. suppo se you are working with multinational company who is engaging with engineering goods, like A. C.Now let say one of your major customer wants some skilful nurture regarding thermostat (beca persona he wants to convey the same to the end expendrs). In this case you have to provide him complete information in a light span of time. If possible, provide him some extra information which he does not know, in this way you bottom maintain a good business coincidence with him, otherwise he may switch to another company. Five Ws One way to make your subject matter complete is to answer the basketball team Ws. ? WHO? WHAT? WHEN? WHERE? WHY The quintuplet question method is useful when you write requests, announcements, or other informative nitty-grittys.For instance, to order (request) merchandise, make clear WHAT you want, WHEN u consume it, WHERE it is to be sent. 2) Conciseness Conciseness means convey the message by using fewest words. Conciseness is the prerequisite to effective business communication. As you know that all businessmen have very on the spur of the moment time. Hence a concise message saves the time and expenses for both the parties. How to achieve the conciseness? For achieving the conciseness you have to consider the following. 1. Avoid wordy expression 2. Include only relevant material 3. Avoid unnecessary repeating. Avoid Wordy ExpressionE. g. Wordy at this time. Instead of at this time you tail end just use only a concise word NOW, Always estimate to use To the point shape up in business scenario perspective. Include only relevant information ? Always establish to provide only relevant information to the receiver of the message. Lets say one of your customers requested ? For clients of the company o in reply you should provide simply list of clients at the panel of your company. o No contract to provide detailed business information about client at all. ? Observe the following suggestions to Include only relevant information. ? Stick to the purpose of message Delete irrelevant words Avoid long introduction, unnecessary explanation etc. Get to the important point concisely. Avoid un-necessary Repetition Sometimes repeating is necessary for focusing some special issue. But when the same thing is said without two or three reasons, the message become wordy and boring. Thats why try to deflect Un-necessary repetition. Some ways to eliminate unnecessary words Use shorter name after you have mentioned the long once. e. g. Spectrum communications nonpublic limited use spectrum. Use pronouns or initials E. . Instead of world trade organization use WTO or You can use IT for Information Technology. (Keeping in views that receiver knows about these terms) 3. Consideration Consideration means To consider the receivers Interest/Intention. It is very important in effective communication while written material a message you should always keep in mind your target group consideration is very important C among all the seven Cs. Three specific ways to indicate consideration ? Focus on you instead of I or We ? Show audience benefit or concern of the receiver ?Emphasize positive, pleasant facts. Using you help you, but over use lead a negative reaction. Always write a message in such a way how audience should be benefited from it. ? We attitude I am delighted to announce that we will extend to make shop more. ? You attitude You will be able to shop in the evening with the extended hours. Readers may react positively when benefit are furnish upn to them. Always try to address his/her direct and want. Always show/write to designateer what has been done so far as his/her query is concerned. And always turn away that his/her take away and wants.Always avoid that has not been done so far. 4. Concreteness It means that message should be specific instead of general. Misunderstanding of words creates problems for both parties ( vector and receiver). When you talk to your client always use facts and figures instead of generic or irrelevant information. The following guidelines should help you to achieve the Concreteness. ? Use specific facts and figures ? choose image building words e. g command He is very intelligent student of class and stood first in the class. e. g. Alis GPA in B. Sc Electrical Engineering 2k3-f session was 3. 5/4. 0 he stood first in his class. Always write on a very solid ground. It should definitely create good image as well. 5. Clarity Accurately is purpose of clarity In effective business communication the message should be very much clear. So that teller can understand it easily. You should always choose precise words. Always choose familiar and easy words. Construct effective sentences and paragraphs. In business communication always use precise words rather longer statements. If you have a choice between long words and shorter one, always use shorter one.You should try your level scoop out to use familiar/easy to understand words so that your re ader will quickly understand it. Familiar Next familiar words 1-after sequent 2-home domicile 3-for example e. g. 4-pay remuneration 5-invoice statement for payments 6. Courtesy Knowing your audience allows you to use statements of courtesy be aware of your message receiver. True courtesy involves cosmos aware not only of the perspective of others, but also their feelings. Courtesy stems from a sincere you-attitude. It is not unstainedly politeness with mechanical insertions of please and convey you.Although Appling socially accepted manners is a form of courtesy. Rather, it is politeness that grows out respect and concern for others. Courteous communication generates a special tone in their composition and speaking. How to generate a Courteous Tone? The following are suggestions for generating a courteous tone Be sincerely tactful, thoughtful and appreciative. Use expressions that show respect for the others Choose nondiscriminatory expressions be sincerely Tactful, Thoughtful and Appreciative Though few people are intentionally abrupt or blunt, these negative traits are common cause of discourtesy.Avoid expression like those in the left hand column below rephrase them as shown in the right-hand column. Tactless, Blunt more(prenominal) Tactful Stupid letter I cant understand I should understand it, as there is no confusing word in this Letter, could you please explain it once again? Its your fault, you did not properly Sometimes my wording is not precise let me try again read my latest FAX. Thoughtfulness and Appreciation Writers who send cordial, courteous messages of deserved congratulations and appreciation (to a person inside & outside) help to build goodwill. The alue of goodwill or public esteem for the firm may be worth thousands of dollars. 7. Correctness At the core of correctness are the proper grammar, punctuation and spelling. However, message must be perfect grammatically and mechanically. The term correctness, as applied to business messag es also mean three characteristics o Use the right level of wording o Check the accuracy of figures, facts and words o Maintain acceptable writing mechanics. Use the right Level of delivery We suggest that there are three level of manner of speaking 1. Formal 2. snug 3. deficient. Take a quick guessWhat kind of writing is associated with distributively level? What is the style of each(prenominal)? Formal and casual Words Formal writing is often associated with scholarly writing doctoral dissertations, scholarly, legal documents, top-level government agreements and other material where formality is demanded. Informal writing is more characteristic of business writing. Here you use words that are short, well-known and conversational as in this comparison list much Formal Less Formal Participate Join Endeavor try Ascertain find out Utilize Use Interrogate question. insufficient voice communication Avoid substandard language.Using correct words, incorrect grammar, faulty pronu nciation all suggest as inability to use good English. Some examples follow Substandard much Acceptable Aint isnt, arent Cant hardly can hardly Aim to proving ai m to prove burning to desirous of Stoled stolen. Facts and Figures Accuracy Check Accuracy of Facts, Figures and words it is impossible to convey meaning precisely, through words, from the head of the sender to a receiver. Our goal is to be as precise as possible, which means checking and double-checking and double-checking to ensure that the figures, facts and words you use are correct. A good check of your data is to have another person read and comment on the validity of the material ? Figures and facts ? Verify your statistical data ? Double-check your totals ? Avoid guessing at laws that have an impact on you, the sender and your ? Have someone else read your message if the topic involves data. ? Determine whether a fact has changed over time. Proper Use of Confusing Words Our Language (Any) is endlessly changing. I n fact, even dictionaries cannot keep up with rapid change in our language.The following words often confusing in usage, an is used before consonants and consonants sounds or a long u sound. Use an before vowels. Accept, except accept is a verb and means to receive. Except is a verb or a preposition and relates to omitting or divergence out. Anxious, eager Anxious implies worry, eager conveys keen desire. CONCLUSION These 7 Cs help a person to compose a message in such a way that brings back the positive feedback from the receivers. Thats why it is advice able for everyone to understand and apply these 7Cs whether he is a teacher, doctor, businessman or a student.7 Cs of Effective Business Communication7 Cs Of Effective Business Communication PRINCIPLE OF in force(p) COMMUNICATION 7CS To compose effective written or oral messages, you must apply certain communication principles. These principles provide guideline for choice of discipline and style of presentation, adapted to the purpose and receiver of your message. These principles are not only limited to a sentence level, they are also applicable to all forms of communications, from mere utterances and sentences to complete documents or presentations.To some extent the principles overlap because they are based on a common concern for the audience, whether that audience consists of listeners or readers. These principles are called Seven Cs, these are completeness, conciseness, consideration, concreteness, clarity, courtesy, and correctness. The Seven Cs are as follows 1) Completeness Message Receiver- either listener or reader, desire complete information to their question. e. g. suppose you are working with multinational company who is engaging with engineering goods, like A. C.Now let say one of your major customer wants some technical information regarding thermostat (because he wants to convey the same to the end users). In this case you have to provide him complete information in a short span of tim e. If possible, provide him some extra information which he does not know, in this way you can maintain a good business relation back with him, otherwise he may switch to another company. Five Ws One way to make your message complete is to answer the five Ws. ? WHO? WHAT? WHEN? WHERE? WHY The five question method is useful when you write requests, announcements, or other informative messages.For instance, to order (request) merchandise, make clear WHAT you want, WHEN u need it, WHERE it is to be sent. 2) Conciseness Conciseness means convey the message by using fewest words. Conciseness is the prerequisite to effective business communication. As you know that all businessmen have very short time. Hence a concise message saves the time and expenses for both the parties. How to achieve the conciseness? For achieving the conciseness you have to consider the following. 1. Avoid wordy expression 2. Include only relevant material 3. Avoid unnecessary repetition. Avoid Wordy ExpressionE. g. Wordy at this time. Instead of at this time you can just use only a concise word NOW, Always try to use To the point climax in business scenario perspective. Include only relevant information ? Always try to provide only relevant information to the receiver of the message. Lets say one of your customers requested ? For clients of the company o in reply you should provide simply list of clients at the panel of your company. o No need to provide detailed business information about client at all. ? Observe the following suggestions to Include only relevant information. ? Stick to the purpose of message Delete irrelevant words Avoid long introduction, unnecessary explanation etc. Get to the important point concisely. Avoid un-necessary Repetition Sometimes repetition is necessary for focusing some special issue. But when the same thing is said without two or three reasons, the message become wordy and boring. Thats why try to avoid Un-necessary repetition. Some ways to eliminate unnecessary words Use shorter name after you have mentioned the long once. e. g. Spectrum communications esoteric limited use spectrum. Use pronouns or initials E. . Instead of world trade organization use WTO or You can use IT for Information Technology. (Keeping in views that receiver knows about these terms) 3. Consideration Consideration means To consider the receivers Interest/Intention. It is very important in effective communication while writing a message you should always keep in mind your target group consideration is very important C among all the seven Cs. Three specific ways to indicate consideration ? Focus on you instead of I or We ? Show audience benefit or engagement of the receiver ?Emphasize positive, pleasant facts. Using you help you, but over use lead a negative reaction. Always write a message in such a way how audience should be benefited from it. ? We attitude I am delighted to announce that we will extend to make obtain more. ? You attitude You will be able to shop in the evening with the extended hours. Readers may react positively when benefit are shown to them. Always try to address his/her need and want. Always show/write to reader what has been done so far as his/her query is concerned. And always avoid that his/her need and wants.Always avoid that has not been done so far. 4. Concreteness It means that message should be specific instead of general. Misunderstanding of words creates problems for both parties (sender and receiver). When you talk to your client always use facts and figures instead of generic or irrelevant information. The following guidelines should help you to achieve the Concreteness. ? Use specific facts and figures ? choose image building words e. g oecumenic He is very intelligent student of class and stood first in the class. e. g. Alis GPA in B. Sc Electrical Engineering 2k3-f session was 3. 5/4. 0 he stood first in his class. Always write on a very solid ground. It should definitely create good image as well. 5. Clarity Accurately is purpose of clarity In effective business communication the message should be very much clear. So that reader can understand it easily. You should always choose precise words. Always choose familiar and easy words. Construct effective sentences and paragraphs. In business communication always use precise words rather longer statements. If you have a choice between long words and shorter one, always use shorter one.You should try your level topper to use familiar/easy to understand words so that your reader will quickly understand it. Familiar Next familiar words 1-after accompanying 2-home domicile 3-for example e. g. 4-pay remuneration 5-invoice statement for payments 6. Courtesy Knowing your audience allows you to use statements of courtesy be aware of your message receiver. True courtesy involves cosmos aware not only of the perspective of others, but also their feelings. Courtesy stems from a sincere you-attitude. It is not merely politeness w ith mechanical insertions of please and convey you.Although Appling socially accepted manners is a form of courtesy. Rather, it is politeness that grows out respect and concern for others. Courteous communication generates a special tone in their writing and speaking. How to generate a Courteous Tone? The following are suggestions for generating a courteous tone Be sincerely tactful, thoughtful and appreciative. Use expressions that show respect for the others Choose nondiscriminatory expressions be sincerely Tactful, Thoughtful and Appreciative Though few people are intentionally abrupt or blunt, these negative traits are common cause of discourtesy.Avoid expression like those in the left hand column below rephrase them as shown in the right-hand column. Tactless, Blunt more(prenominal) Tactful Stupid letter I cant understand I should understand it, as there is no confusing word in this Letter, could you please explain it once again? Its your fault, you did not properly Sometimes my wording is not precise let me try again read my latest FAX. Thoughtfulness and Appreciation Writers who send cordial, courteous messages of deserved congratulations and appreciation (to a person inside & outside) help to build goodwill. The alue of goodwill or public esteem for the firm may be worth thousands of dollars. 7. Correctness At the core of correctness are the proper grammar, punctuation and spelling. However, message must be perfect grammatically and mechanically. The term correctness, as applied to business messages also mean three characteristics o Use the right level of language o Check the accuracy of figures, facts and words o Maintain acceptable writing mechanics. Use the right Level of Language We suggest that there are three level of language 1. Formal 2. Informal 3. Substandard. Take a quick guessWhat kind of writing is associated with each level? What is the style of each? Formal and Informal Words Formal writing is often associated with scholarly writing do ctoral dissertations, scholarly, legal documents, top-level government agreements and other material where formality is demanded. Informal writing is more characteristic of business writing. Here you use words that are short, well-known and conversational as in this comparison list More Formal Less Formal Participate Join Endeavor try Ascertain find out Utilize Use Interrogate question. Substandard Language Avoid substandard language.Using correct words, incorrect grammar, faulty pronunciation all suggest as inability to use good English. Some examples follow Substandard More Acceptable Aint isnt, arent Cant hardly can hardly Aim to proving ai m to prove hungry(predicate) to desirous of Stoled stolen. Facts and Figures Accuracy Check Accuracy of Facts, Figures and words it is impossible to convey meaning precisely, through words, from the head of the sender to a receiver. Our goal is to be as precise as possible, which means checking and double-checking and double-checking to ensur e that the figures, facts and words you use are correct. A good check of your data is to have another person read and comment on the validity of the material ? Figures and facts ? Verify your statistical data ? Double-check your totals ? Avoid guessing at laws that have an impact on you, the sender and your ? Have someone else read your message if the topic involves data. ? Determine whether a fact has changed over time. Proper Use of Confusing Words Our Language (Any) is constantly changing. In fact, even dictionaries cannot keep up with rapid change in our language.The following words often confusing in usage, an is used before consonants and consonants sounds or a long u sound. Use an before vowels. Accept, except accept is a verb and means to receive. Except is a verb or a preposition and relates to omitting or passing out. Anxious, eager Anxious implies worry, eager conveys keen desire. CONCLUSION These 7 Cs help a person to compose a message in such a way that brings back the positive feedback from the receivers. Thats why it is advice able for everyone to understand and apply these 7Cs whether he is a teacher, doctor, businessman or a student.

The Big Green Arm Chair

The Big Green Armchair a) i. The conception of the setting ii. Staring into the grim spend/ Only intend grey skies iii. The author rehearses adjectives like grim and slate grey to describe the winters day, which conveys a very dull and blueish mood. The author compares the grim winters day and the dull mood to the old cleaning lady. This helps the reader understand how the woman is facial expression. b) The author creates a dull mood by describing in detail what the old woman sees outside the window. Staring into the grim winter, she sees no flowering plants. There are no colours, only slate grey skies and bare, brown trunks. There are no buzzing cicadas or cheeky kookaburras singing and darting between the trees. This shows the reader that the old woman misses this time of the year. The use of repetition There are no modify/ There are no buzzing cicadas The use of repetition There are no colors/ There are no buzzing emphasizes the dullness of mood.This descriptive style o f writing makes the reader picture the dull and gray setting and the old woman looking out of the window. c) The author writes in third person and uses past tense half way through the text which creates a nostalgic feeling which the old woman is going through. The use of adjectives and descriptive sentences like summer was bright and lively and ruby red gerberas burst through the green gardens and majestic flowers blanketed the huge jacaranda tree, adds to the nostalgia and creates imagery.The author makes the reader visualize the bright sun and the blooming flowers. The use of sensory descriptive words like the tang of meat sizzling on the barbeque lingered in the air and eating mouthwatering prawns makes the reader imagine the smell of the barbequed meat and the taste of the prawns. This shows that the old woman misses those years and that those days are now memories that make her happy and comfort her.

Evaluating Eligibility Rules

All three ar open 24/7 and each can accommodate up to twenty youths a night. As with cost hearty services, the determining of financial and clinical eligibility is the deciding factor for these at-risk youth wining from the programs provided beyond emergency services. The services they provide after eligibility has been established are case management, physical and mental health services, chemical dependency services, legal assistance, school engagement, job readiness and assistance, and finding safe and stable housing.There are galore(postnominal) types of criteria that can be evaluated for a variety of different placements such as prior contributions, administrative rule, private contracts, professional discretion, Judicial decision, attachment to the workforce, and means testing which are only particular proposition to eligibility rules as there are many forms of benefits and services which are only specific criteria to benefits and services such as standardization, butt jo int efficiency, trade-offs, cost-effectiveness, substitutability, coerciveness/intrusiveness.Some criteria specific to eligibility rules such as over-illuminations, overwhelming costs, off-targeting benefits and stigma/alienation are criteria specific benefits which are considered facial line of works that work against the achievement of a functional insurance policy and programs and definitely work against adequacy, equity, and efficiency.These special problems are most often created by the presence of the eligibility rules which have direct relation to those listed as special problems and if relevant to this organization they will be discussed as evaluated for merit of its fit with the social problem conception that underlies the program or policy under consideration. For a program or policy to be a coherent solution to a social problem, those who receive the orgasms benefits and/or services must be included within the root word whom the social problem analysis Identifies as ha ving a problem, (Chambers Wedded, 2005, Chi. , p. 118). This evaluation will cover the criteria for benefits and services and criteria for eligibility rules of this particular organizations social policies and programs. Already known are the benefit types which are affiliated with this particular organization thus with such benefit types also provides an implication of goals, and objectives for adequacy, equity, and efficiency. This organization meets he criteria for a Value-critical Appraisal of Social constitution Programs. Basic policy Collectivities 1. Purposes. Long term & Short term. Manifest 1 1.Specific to goals and objectives (a) not Just service and delivery but the end product. (b) clarity, insurability, manipulability. Implications of goals and objectives for adequacy, equity, and efficiency. 3. Fit of goals and objectives with the social problem analysis problem definition and variables (consequences) in casual analysis. I Forms of Benefits and Services 1 1. Persona l social services (expert services)2. potent benefits cash, goods, Commodities. Credits/vouchers. Subsidies. Government loan guarantees. Protective regulations. Power over decisionsEach party donates or exchanges what the other needs or wants in which some come with specific stipulations. Often promises to contribute a certain amount to a certain organization within a specific eachotment of time are do in order for them to receive what they are in need of now. The Cocoon House has promised, demonstrated and provided the end result they proposed. Every business arrangement, any affiliations, and all involvements with are for the betterment of the at-risk youths and young adults that are homeless within Washington. Weakness in eligibility rules were not shown nor implicated.These rules were well-formed, clear and concise and most-likely will avoid any semipolitical intervention in the operation of the organization unless intentionally welcomed. The Judgment of the evaluated eligib ility rules are believed to be fair and sufficient. They are believed to be such because they fit with the social problem analysis and problem definition/ target group specifications along with the Reference Chambers, D. E. , & Wedded, K. R. (2005). Social Policy and Social Programs A Method for the Practical Public Policy Analyst (thee. ). Boston, MA Allan and Bacon

Outline How Material Things Essay

City Road is a macroscopic road filled with lots of variant cultures, gender, class, age and history. When walking down the road it sack be seen that the belong and not belonging in the society. It opens your eyes as to what exactly goes on in disparate societies and City Road is a big street with a lot of demands and structures in it. Over the geezerhood society changed and so did the street. It goes by what is in demand, how society changes and by the vast majority of different cultures advance into the atomic number 18a.You see a lot of people trying to conform to the society and many trying to nurture onto their own identities. First of all Im going to talk about the Ethnicity on the street. We are going to the Xquisite Africa shop. Janet, the lady that owns the shop originates from Africa and moved to the UK over ten years ago. When she came to the UK she thought that she had to change her individuality and conform to the society. She sells a lot of things from Africa and by doing this she gets to hold onto her identity of the African culture and also appeals to customers from the alike ethnic background.She felt after being in the UK for ten years that she had lost her identity and so she decided to take a trip back home to Africa to re-charge her batteries as she puts it. She deficiencyed to re-gain her culture that she so desperately lost. This aspect could help her re-gain her culture and identity and allows her to share this with the right clientele from a multi-racial background. She can share a state of belonging to a neighborly group that has in common a national or cultural background, whilst negotiating with people on the complex of different identities.She contributes to the African social lifetime and society as well as on City Road. Therefore promoting her African background and ground there is no need to conform to the society and changing her identity. We then move onto class in the Municipal Club. A social stratum, whose mem bers share a definite economic, social or cultural characteristics. For this subject the working class. It is aimed at the local residents and has over 100 years of history. A group containing members regarded as having certain attributes of traits in common has slowly disappeared and they long for the society to change back to what they believed it was.Whilst in the (DVD, devising social lives on City Road, 2009, scene 5) Lloyd Robson talks to couple of residents in the club and gets their insight of what is going on. He asked them if they thought the club had a future. They said no. no-one wants to know it anymore and even the members have started to lack interest. But because the society has changed it meant that they described city road as being dangerous and rough. They long for the past. They want it to go back to what they say it used to be or imagined it. The inequalities and differences that has changed and also the traditions has been lost.They lack the sense of belong ing they used to have when City Road used to be theirs. Then we come across the Sanna Silk shop. This is where the pistillate is favoured over the male. Its a family business orientated around females as they sell and make dresses of different materials. They get to choose their type of material and their patterns. It is mainly focused at Asian women. In the (DVD, Making social lives on City Road, 2009, scene 6 by Raghuran) she says it is a very different means of portraying Asian women than I often seen in the media. They also have a section for jewellery. intimately of their jewellery is 22 carat gold and is mainly aimed at the women. They also have a selection for their wedding day. So it has an Asian culture that is even though yes men go in to misdirect but is very female orientated. Conclusion Therefore in City Road, my examples favour female gender activities over male, is a very multi-racial area and favours specific class over others. Therefore explaining that society c hanges all of the time and conforms to whatever is more in demand in that specific time of era.

Essentials of a Valid Contract Essay

To be enforceable by law an understanding moldiness possess the infixed elements of a valid vex as laid down by Sec. 10 of Contract Act in the following wrong All parallelisms are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract, for a straight consideration and with a lawful object, and are not hereby expressly declared to be void. quest are the conditions for validity of the contract in detail. 1. Offer and Acceptance There must(prenominal) be an symmetricalness based on a lawful offer made by one party and a lawful acceptance of that offer from the other party.The adjective lawful implies that the offer and acceptance must action the requirements of the Contract Act in relation thereto. 2. Legal Relationship The parties must pretend intended their agreement to have legal consequences and legal obligations. covenants of a social or domestic nature do not contemplate legal relations, and as such they do not give rise to a contract. 3. obs ervant Consideration Consideration means something in return (quid pro quo). For a valid contract some(prenominal) parties must have provided consideration, i. e. each side must promise to give or do something for other. However, it must be legal, real, harmless and not immoral.4. Competent Parties The parties to an agreement must be competent to contract. The contracting parties must be of the age of majority and of sound mind and must not be disqualified by any law to which they are subject. (Section 11) 5. Free Consent Free consent of all parties is another essential element. Consent means that the parties must have agreed upon same things in the same sense. Consent is state to be free if it is not obtained by coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation or mistake. (Section 14) 6. Lawful purpose Object means the purpose of entering into a contract.For the formation of a valid contract it is excessively requisite that the parties to an agreement must agree for a lawful object. According to Sec. 23 the object of an agreement is lawful, if it is Not forbidden by law Not fraudulent or Not involves or implies disgrace to the person or property of another Not regarded immoral by the Court Not argue to public policy. Not immoral. 7. Not Expressly Declared Void The agreement must not have been expressly declared to be void under the Act. Sec. 24-30 and Sec56 specifies certain types of expressly declared void agreements Agreement in restrain of marriage, trade, or legal proceedings.(sec. 26,27,27) Agreement by way of wager. (sec. 30) Agreement to do unworkable acts. (sec. 56) Agreement the meaning of which is not certain. (sec. 29) 8. Writing and Registration The prescribed legal formalities of writing, registration, etc. necessary for the agreement to be enforceable by law must have been observed. It must be in writing, properly attested by witnesses and registered if so required by law. The absence of any of the essentials explained above depart no t result in a valid contract but a void contract.

Blackness and The Black Experience

The experience of universe moody, like the experience of having any other skin color, is left astray open to the personal viewpoint of the individual. Still, with the dense race, there is a legacy of being forcibly take away from their homeland and enslaved, and this legacy probably affects the outlook of every black person in some way. In the ancient world, an individual with black skin was not considered inferior. The Greeks, for example, did not regard skin color as an impediment to coordination in social order.They instead judged a man based on his integrity, his word, and his ability. What is blackness? What is the black experience? Blackness is defined as the property of being black in color, but that is a raw definition that has no context in human experience. While the ancients seemed to have little or no puzzle with color, the sentiment of race difference has been a struggle for modern societies everywhere. Scholar W. E. B. Du Bois calls it the problem of the twentie th century. Du Bois contends that the supposed ugliness exists fundamentally in the psyches of the cutting edge spectators. What that means to me is that, whatever prejudices may exist in the minds of leaders then translates to the attitudes, and more critically the laws, of everyday citizens.In England color dour into the premise of segregation. In the United States, the institution of slavery was the central argument in a states rights delve that erupted into the bloodiest war of the 19th century. Even after the Civil War, racial segregation, violence, the KKK, and the struggle for equality marred the succeeding(prenominal) nonpareil hundred years. How black people perceive their own blackness today, as opposed to 1863, when the liberty Proclamation was signed, is sure to be different. Blackness must have a completely different pith in 2013.In fact, the very word black is no longer used as often, having been replaced with African-American. The idea of blackness must have m ade drastic leaps for the better when this soil elected a black president. This is a sharp contrast to the self-image blacks had during the years of slavery (in this country and others, including their own native continent). As the decades pass, superstar would hope that the legacy of slavery, mistreatment, bigotry, and inequality has waned, and become a historical acknowledgement rather than an influencing factor in the psyche of modern individual blacks in the world.I believe that this trend will continue. In dealings with the black people I know, I dont hear them talking about being mistreated or discriminated against as much as what Ive read about in our countrys history. Black people seemed to be more present in prestigious jobs and government positions. At least in America, black people are being given more and more opportunity, and conjunction continues to try and fulfill its promise of equality and equal protection. If this continues, I hope that the idea of blackness is one of promise, hope and pride, and not despair.

Example Solution Manual Essay

PESTEL analysis is a utilizable starting point for environmental analysis, encouraging students to think wide. deliver 2.2 provides an sign PESTEL analysis of the airline application, braggy students the usual idea. The first skepticism asks for gibeitional elements in the analysis. For example, infra Political, you cleverness add subsidies for local airports under Economic, you top executive add the maturate of Asian economies and under Legal, you could add the trend towards airline privatisation. A give away danger to high neat is of long lists of strengths or influences that argon similarly unwieldy for practical action. So the bite question challenges students to quantify which of the forces ar belike to be of around signifi thunder mugce in driving constancy transmit. Here students should fairishify their views in enclosures of the secern from the chivalric and the likely impact in the future of any especial(a) influence. The end-chapter sheath exampl e on the europiuman brewing sedulousness in like manner asks students to do a PESTEL analysis. simile 2.2ScenariosScenarios help students think long bourne and precise broadly here the World Economic Forum and its members ar looking a go ahead, and thinking ab push through geo-economics in general as well as just the market in a narrow sense. The question asks some whether companies consent more than than influence everywhere presidency policy or geo-economics. It because goes on to ask about how companies exponent influence government. This likewise obviously touches on issues of corporate social responsibility, pursued in Chapter 4. Companies probably do have more influence on policy coordination, but the issue is which governments they should be talking to (the United States, China?) and whether it is only governments that matter (United Nations, external Monetary Fund, World Trade Organisation?).They should also consider how they raise shell influence gover nments, distributively or collectively through, for example, the World Economic Forum or the Business Roundtable, the group of CEOs of leading Ameri bath corporations. To some effect, the power is likely to be exercised negatively through lobbying over against and criticism ofproposals for financial re-regulation. It is worthwhile also petition about the influence these corporations can have themselves on geo-economic shifts some Western accompany home are shifting away from their home-countries, for example, the global headquarters of American civil engineering conglomerate Halliburton locomote to Dubai and Swiss/Swedish engineering company ABB moved its global robotics business headquarters to Shanghai. model 2.3The soft touch name IndustryThe steel pains provides a fairly unclouded-to-understand case of rapid structural change, and one direct by industry actors. Understanding how the leading companies are make an impact helps to counter a riskiness of determinism i n doormanian analyses in other words, a sense that anatomical structures are given kinda than changeable. The first question in particular invites a relative analysis using the radar-plot introduced in Exhibit 2.5. The radar-plot might look just about like the following, with the continuous lines indicating rough positions in around 2000 (10 years earlier than the illustration) and the dotted lines indicating positions in 2010.The comparative positions highlight the increase power of suppliers much(prenominal) as the iron ore producers (negative) the high power of sophisticated buyers, or so mitigated by the declining power of the Big Three (mildly positive perhaps) and the beginning of decreased aspiration (positive) as the larger steel companies such as Mittal try to con wholeate the industry. It might be said that the current entranceway threat has stabilised and even lessend, though continued investment by Chinese players whitethorn increase rivalry especially if they turn to overseas markets. overall, comparing the size of the 2 radar plots over time suggests only a marginal change in favour of the steel producers. With watch to the second question, the acquisition strategies seem driven by the desire to reduce rivalry by reduction the lean of players and even capacity.You might ask students what is necessary to make this cogitation here you might highlight the grandeur for reduced rivalry of both simultaneous cuts in capacity investments by, for example, the Chinese and hale barriers to red-hot entry. With bear upon to the third question, success in raising barriers to entry (e.g. through technological change) and inreducing rivalry (through continued consolidation) would make the industry more attractive. Vertical integration strategies into sources of supply (e.g. iron ore) would help too. A potential negative is significant progress with substitute materials. This depends on technological progress, hence providing a useful lin k amidst the Porter 5 Forces and PESTEL. level-headed example 2.4Chugging in the Charity SectorThe aim of this Illustration of course is to show that industry structure analysis is relevant to not-for-profits as well. Indeed, charities appear ruthlessly warring hence the High Street chuggings. The first question points to at least terce of the Porterian forces as do problems (i) There are low barriers to entry, with constant refreshment of the industry by new charities (ii) there is strong buying power on the part of local authorities commissioning services (iii) there is wild rivalry because of the number of competitors and tendency towards overlap and duplication of charitable services. In addition, they face substitutes in the formulate of local authorities and other agencies fareing services in-house, but at this point the trend in that respect was in their favour. The suppliers of funds donors have many another(prenominal)(prenominal) alternative charities to give to. The mergers and increasing c at one timentration levels (the largest are growing fastest) imply growing industry consolidation. At the moment, the industry structure might be exposit as highly competitive, but there may be widespread advantages to it moving towards a more oligopolistic situation. Illustration 2.5Cycles of CompetitionThe wisdom in strategy theory has been that competitiveness is about building up a long-term competitive advantage and wherefore defending it against competitors. The idea of cycles of competition takes a more dynamic view as to how competition in an industry will work its way out over time. It also highlights the potentially destructive nature of competition (at least from the point of view of industry players) and the value of trying to revoke it. Indeed, a key point is that these competitive cycles are not inevitable. signboard to competitors, and interpreting the signals of otherscompetitive moves, can help avoid head-on competition. Retali ation ( fraction 2.3 under barriers to entry) is a key principle here, as are the basics of game theory (Chapter 3).With regard to question 1, Francotop might have slowed d declare or rebuffed entirely Deutschespitzes invasion of the French market by retaliating hard against its initial move even though the youth niche was not so all- heavy(a) to Francotop, a situated response there would have signalled the likelihood that attacking the core French market would be so fiercely opposed that it might not be worth Deutschespitzes while even to try. With regard to question 2, Francotop would have been hard-pressed to avoid escalating competition in the business market. However, one possibility might have been for Francotop to focus on a particular neglected niche (say the small firms segment). By signaling all the way through advertising or similar that this niche was the extent of their ambitions, Francotop might have encourage Deutschespitze to bring down on its best opportunities , leaving the French get on with their specialism in peace. Illustration 2.6Key Debate How Much Does Industry Matter?This debate addresses an enduring source of controversy in strategy look into, and allows students to review the importance of the contents of Chapter 2 (particularly the vanadium forces), at the same time as introducing the more internally focused issues of Chapter 3 that follows. For Porter, industry matters a lot. The sceptic might argue he would say that, wouldnt he? After all, this is exactly what his training in industrial economics and the shopworn products of his consulting firm would favour. However, the important thing here is to recognise the extent of the explore he (and collaborators such as Anita McGahan) draw upon to make their case. It is worth pointing out to students that strategy theories are more than just theories there is solid empirical query involved too. When meeting a new theory, students should get used to asking where is the research e vidence? What the research seems to suggest is that an industry is not the be-all and end-all, but that choosing an attractive industry is a very good starting point in strategy industry accounts for about two-fifths of the explained variance in the Porter and McGahan study (leaving aside control variables etc.).Turning to the precise question, the kinds of industriesthat influence members profitabilities more than others seem generally to be service industries (explaining the greater industry effects in the Porter and McGahan study than in Rumelts). But to go on from here, industry influences are well-nigh likely to be strongest in highly competitive and hop on industries. In such industries, sources of firm-specific differentiation are likely to be few, easily imitated and easily competed away, so making it hard to earn above-normal profits. At the same time, standard recipes for competing would have been established, so only the incompetent would perform substantially below the norm (and competition should have eliminated most such incompetents by the industry maturity stage). These conditions would probably prevail in service industries such as hotels, restaurants and retail. Newer industries are likely to offer more reaching for innovation and differentiation, and have fewer commodity competitors and suppliers, so allowing persistent variability in profitability. motion-picture show QuestionsHiscoxHiscox is a specialist insurer in the Lloyds of London insurance market. The company specialises in niche areas such as property and casualty insurance for high net worth individuals and companies, as well as cover against such risks as hacking, kidnapping and satellite damage. The video case is quite complicated, so best viewed after a thorough working through of the chapter material. 1.The industry is facing more buyer power, with the rise of online price comparison sites. On the other hand, there is a process of consolidation with the rise of consolidato rs (companies such as Resolution), who are acquiring weaker companies in golf club to build position.This is likely in the long term to reduce rivalry. Major failures such as that of the American giant AIG (American Investment Group) are likely to reduce rivalry too. It is clear that general recessionary pressures are also influencing the market at the time of the video, reducing demand and likely to make it more price-sensitive. 2.Hiscox has a specialist position, aside from companies like AIG or the general insurers that Resolution is trying to buy, and its power in its niche is reinforced by its brand (well known in the United Kingdom). It also has the advantage of having both an underwriting (issue of insurance policies) and investment business, which mean that Hiscox is protected from sententious-term cycles or crises in one partof the business, probably helping to buffer it from price competition in the short term too. Assignment 2.1PESTEL AnalysisPESTEL analysis is a useful starting point for environmental analysis. Illustration 2.1 provides a model. A blank of the basic template of illustration 2.1 can be provided to students who can then be asked to complete it for the forces at work in a particular industry. The danger is that long lists of forces or influences can be generated by this device. So the second question challenges students to assess which of the forces are likely to be of most significance in driving industry change. Here students should justify their views in terms of the evidence from the past and the likely impact in the future of any particular influence. See the discussion of the PESTEL for the end-chapter case on the European brewing industry for an example. Assignment 2.2Building ScenariosAssignment 2.2 requires students to focus on change in industry characteristics and competitive forces through the construction of scenarios. Guidelines for the construction of scenarios are given in function 2.2.2 it is recommended that stude nts follow these, building either two or four scenarios for a given industry. The work through with(p) in Assignment 2.1 should provide the bases of identifying the key industry forces or influences which will enable them to do this. more or less of the problems of scenario building should be emphasised to students Students may try to build in too many factors and, therefore, not be able to square up the number of scenarios. They may find difficulty in generating scenarios with a long and compatible set of factors. Some may be wary of having to exercise judgement and others will bemuse judgement with hunch. Try to encourage a realistic debate that tests out assumptions and projections against known facts and trends. A particularly useful exercise is to ask students to build scenarios for an industry for which there is a company case (or for their own industry/company if assertable) and then to assess the companys strategical position in the light of the different scenarios (e .g. see the notes above on the brewing industry).One of the issues that might surface is the easeor difficulty with which scenarios can be constructed. It usually emerges that scenarios are much easier to construct where the number of key forces at work in an industry is comparatively few. They are less easy to construct if the number of important forces is high because the number of variables the student is trying to handle becomes too great. This, in turn, raises another issue. Scenarios are of particular use in uncertain environments as a means of helping managers to think through possible futures. However, uncertainty may arise for a number of reasons. If uncertainty arises because of the unpredictability of a few forces, then arguably scenarios may be very helpful, but what if uncertainty arises primarily because there are a large number of forces at work to what extent are scenarios of use in such circle? There are a limited number of very important forces at work in the brew ing industry but what of fast-moving hi-tech industries where there are many different forces at work? Assignment 2.3Five Competitive ForcesFive forces analysis is an absolutely fundamental technique in strategy. Section 2.3 should give students the ability to carry out a basic five forces analysis of any industry. They should be encouraged to consider all of the elements of each of the five forces so for example, under barriers to entry, scale and experience effects, channels, requital and so on. The radar-plot technique of Exhibit 2.5 should only be used as a summary once the full analysis is complete the danger is of it being used to short-circuit the analysis. Students should be expected to do more than simply list elements they should clearly identify the implications (positive or negative) of each. The second question about conclusions for industry attractiveness should underline the importance of drawing out implications, rather than just listing. Assignment 2.4Comparisons b etween Industries and Over TimeThis assignment allows students to build on Assignment 2.3 in order to consider the investment implications of differences between industries and change over time. The assignment is a substantial one if relying on students own research. However, time can be saved if two case studies are used (e.g. brewing, pharmaceuticals or hi-fi, perhaps looking backward atchange over the past three to five years, rather than change in the future). Similarly, students may save time by using the radar-plot technique (Exhibit 2.5), as in the discussion of Illustration 2.3. It is important to note the two follow-up questions. Explicitly asking for justification helps students avoid the superficial analysis which is easy to do with five forces. Asking the question about investment helps students think about concrete implications, again something that five forces analyses often neglect.By looking over time, students will learn to be cautious about investing in industries with declining attractiveness. By comparing industries, students can also consider industry attractiveness in their diversification decisions, an issue picked up in Chapter 7. At the same time, it is worth countering the implications of five forces analysis with two thoughts Industries that are highly attractive are likely to have high barriers to entry, so the costs of entry may outweigh the benefits of entering. An industry that is becoming relatively unattractive may be neglected by competitors, and, if you enjoy a strong competitive advantage in that industry, it may settle down be a source of profit to you. Assignment 2.5Strategic GroupsThis assignment builds on the notion of strategic groups and strategic quadrangle outlined in Section 2.4.1 in the text. Figure 2.8 provides an example of how the exercise could be carried out. This could, for example, be employ to the European brewing industry Key strategic dimensions might come under either of the scope or resource commitm ent characteristics in Section 2.4.1 for example, product range or extent of upended integration. Possible key strategic dimensions in the European brewing industry might include geographic coverage, strength of brands, diversification, size of firm, type of distribution, and so on. Students are encouraged to draw more than one strategic group map if they believe that more than two dimensions are important.It is useful to ask them to consider the extent to which different bases of such maps give rise to similar or different configurations. They might find, for example, that however the maps are drawn up, some companies always tend to end up in the same groups. In other words, some companies may have a very similar set of strategic characteristics along many dimensions. Students are asked to examine thestrategic group maps to see if there are any under-populated white spaces in the industry. For example, in brewing, is there an opportunity for a giant specialist in making own brand beer for the large retailers? However, students should assess carefully why there are few competitors in any such white spaces. White spaces can often turn out to be dangerous black holes rather than attractive opportunities. Assignment 2.6Critical Success Factors and the Strategy CanvasIt is very likely that students will concentrate on success factors that are salient to them as consumers for example, the product ranges of a clothing retailer. Less macroscopical elements, such as ownership by a diversified parent company, may be neglected. However, for a short assignment, this need not matter too much the essence is comparison in order to identify areas of (potential) competitive advantage. The key insight of a strategy canvas is to encourage competitors to compete where it is relatively easy to secure a significant advantage (Blue Ocean), and not necessarily to compete fiercely over the top-rated success factors if advantage can only be obtained at very considerable cost (Red Ocean). You can introduce less visible, but strategically significant elements after they have done their basic analysis. consolidative AssignmentFull Analysis of an Industry or a SectorThis assignment would be a demanding research project over a significant part of the course. It is however a very good test of students ability to apply tools to real data appropriately, as well as developing their research skills. Students will see it as practical and, if allowed a choice of sectors, relevant to their own interests. Good research resources are essential. As well as free web-based resources such as company reports, trade companionship statistics and some government or supra-governmental (EU, UN) reports and statistics, students would likely need limited-access resources such as the business press and journals easy through BusinessSource Premier, Factiva or Proquest, and reports from organisations such as Euromonitor, Key Notes and Mintel. Your institutions librarian will aim you o n what is available to students and how proficient they are likely to be in using such sources. You would also want to guide studentson which industries or sectors to choose. Very broad industries for example, the world airline industry are likely to overwhelm students with data. It might be helpful to encourage focus for example, the airline industry in India, or similar. Industry focus also reduces the risk of plagiarism.There are many student assignments of a similar nature available for a fee on the web, and it would definitely be wise to avoid allowing students to research the same industries in successive years. Requiring a specific focus on particular themes (e.g. internationalistisation) or some less common concepts (e.g. the strategy canvas, cycles of competition etc.) can also reduce plagiarism. Insisting on precisely citing sources for key data and points (through an end-note system or similar) makes simple plagiarism harder too, as well as being good practice. If all owed, students will find very helpful a couple of example assignments from prior years to guide them roughly on what they are supposed to do. A report length limit of around 20002500 words would encourage students to focus on what is really important. Requiring an executive summary would also force students to consider what is really important and what are the key implications. Over a two semester course, this assignment could be stage one of a two-part assessment regime the second semester could have as an assignment asking students to consider implications of the first part for the strategy of a particular company in the original industry or sector. Case ExampleThe European Brewing IndustryThis case focuses on the key techniques of PESTEL and five forces analysis that are central to this chapter. Full cases such as the pharmaceutical industry can be used develop students skills in seeing trends in industry data and drawing conclusions as to the likely impact of those trends on pa rticular companies in an industry. PESTELHere it would be helpful to ask the students to draw on wider knowledge or research (you may have beer drinkers from many countries in your class). Depending on how extensive students surplus research and thinking are, a wide-range of issues may be raised. To highlight some for the purposes of illustration Political government campaigns against drink drivingEconomic the rise of the Asian economiesSocial rise of beer consumption in southerly EuropeTechnological few clear in the case, but innovations around products such as cold lager might be raised Environmental few clear in the case, but box issues are likely to be important Legal few clear in the case, but changes in licensing laws and permitted alcohol limits for driving are relevant. PESTELs can often seem somewhat inconclusive, so it is important to twirl out key issues and conclusions. The increasing hostility to drinking (under P and L) and the rise of Asian economies and southern Europe (under E & S) seem particularly important trends. One way of drawing some simple conclusions is to assess the overall balance (positive or negative) under each of the PESTEL headings in the case of the European brewing industry, most of the headings are likely to be negative. The Five ForcesThere has traditionally been a wide variation of industry structures across Europe. The United Kingdom is fairly competitive. Denmark, Holland, Italy, Belgium and France, on the other hand, have been in near monopoly situations. However, with increasing exports and imports and cross-border acquisitions, national markets are becoming less protected. An interesting issue, then, is at what level to conduct industry structure analysis. If at a European level, the broad issues to consider under each of the five forces are as follows Buyers With more than one fifth of beer sold through supermarkets, and increasing resort to own-label, these buyers are increasingly mightily (underline that buyer s are not the ultimate consumers). Suppliers The high concentration of the packagers suggests that these are becoming increasingly powerful. Substitutes Wine is clearly a dangerous substitute.New entrants Internationalisation through M&A and increased trade is introducing new entrants into previously protected markets most countries see increasing imports (Table 2). Anheuser-Busch and SABMiller are two obvious new entrants into Europe. Students might be alerted to the potential threat of TsingTao and the other Chinese brewers. Although not prominent in the case, there is still the potential of small new brewers entering using micro-breweries or contract brewers (e.g. Cobra). Rivalry falling demand,international entrants and over-capacity obviously increase the scope for rivalry. However, note that sales values are rising, that innovation and branding can mitigate price-competition, that there has been a history of price-fixing cartels, and that leading players are attempting consoli dation through M&A. It might be useful to ask the students to compare industry concentration ratios in 2000 and 2009 that is, the share accounted for the top three or five players (Table 3). As ever, it is important to draw conclusions. On balance, the European brewing industry does not seem attractive, and unlikely to become more so until the current round of consolidation is completed and brewers progress to greater leverage against their buyers and suppliers. Impact on Particular Brewing CompaniesThe three companies are chosen to pay off different types of player. AB InBev is the largest player, after a succession of spectacular mergers. It is remarkable how the company is withdrawing from fast-growing China and Eastern Europe, however. Greene King is tiny in comparison to AB InBev, with just one key domestic market, the United Kingdom. However, domestic focus and its own pubs may be giving it a strongly defended local position. You might ask whether there are competitors who m ight be tempted to buy such a company. Tsing Tao is the wild-card here. It is strong in its booming home market, but it is also interested in moving overseas. But would it make Europe a priority region for expansion, or choose another market?