To what extent was a US Civil War inevitable in the event of a US Research Paper

To what extent was a US Civil War inevitable in the event of a US CIVIL War, to what extent was a Union victory inevitable - Research Paper Examplefrom the American Revolution to the adoption of the Constitution, no superstar ever doubts that Americans, whether in the southeastward or the North, had a common interest of establishing a prosperous nation. The means to achieving that very end, however, proved contentious, with sectionalism creeping in to widen the rifts between a people that fought their independence together barely a century earlier. To be sure, the origins of the civil war had roots in the beginning(a) miserable boatload of African slaves into the American soil. The doubtful, as Sydney E. Ahlstrome notes, would be at pains to refute claims that slavery and the sustained mass moral condemnation of the instauration was at heart of the conflict (649).Indeed without slavery, the war wouldnt have occurred. In the 100 years or so of independence, the Southern states rem ained on an economy largely founded on cotton plantation agriculture aided by the institution of slavery. The North, though had own agricultural resources, was more advanced commercially and industrially, that wizard state after the other felt the need to abolished slavery. For a time it, it appeared that slavery was on its way to extinction with the remarks of Virginias Thomas Jefferson defining the Souths peculiar institution as a necessary evil (Roberts 53). To some, slavery was in every sense a positive good that generated a great deal of foreign exchange at no or low cost for the southerners. So intense were the gridlocks that when the Tariff legislation was finally introduced in the Congress and passed with the aid of Northern politicians, in effect raising the prices of imported goods in favor of the North produced goods against the wishes of Southerners long used to shipping their cotton to europium in return for inexpensive boatloads of European goods, including clothes made from their own cotton, the southerners furor rose to near conflict 30 years to its actual dates. With the crude tariff putting foreign goods out of financial

Bloom Energy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

crest Energy - Research Paper ExampleEven though angiotensin converting enzyme can view push button in relation to the full functioning of urban areas, this analysis may focus on the energy features of a modern-day urban settlement, such as Delaware.Bloom Energy, through its revolutionary effort with fuel cell technology, aspires to aid businesses and homes in fueling their own automobiles and producing their own power, grownup light and electricity to outlying communities and even decreasing dependence on existing electricity grids. The technology at the core Bloom Energys aim to support the environment and the planet was initially designed for utilization in deep space (Schenker 2009). K.R. Sridhar, the co-founder and CEO of Bloom Energy, received a take from NASA to formulate a way to make Mars suitable for human habitation. His original plan was an instrument that would utilize Martian water and solar energy to power a reactor cell that produced hydrogen to fuel vehicles an d oxygen to breathe (Schenker 2009).The plan formed a brilliant idea in Sridhar. If the reception will be reversed, putting fuel and oxygen into the cell to produce power, he could transform the way people produced and used energy. He created the prototype of his purported Bloom Boxes to perform the reaction reversal, but required a lot more effort to make the mechanism reversible (Schenker 2009). In that manner, when attached to a come of renewable energy like solar panel, the Bloom Boxes produce and amass oxygen and hydrogen. And when the renewable energy source disappears, it shifts direction and utilizes the amassed gases to produce current. As bring out by Sridhar, I quit doing my NASA work because I believe this particular technology can change the world. Just like developing nations leapfrogged over contumacious telephony to mobile, we think our technology will allow developing nations to do the same thing for

Research proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Research proposal - Essay ExampleThe results show that the status of those among 16 twelvemonths of age remain unchanged from the NEET group while those in 17 year group showed an increase. But contrary to others, the number of 18 year old from NEET shows a decline (Maguire and Rennison, 2005). The studies undertaken among youth population to understand the issues faced by them and hence to evolve necessary support systems have yielded useful results. In one such exercise conducted in Scotland, the data was collected from the school leavers from three different colleges using the focused interviews with the purpose of identifying the reasons and insight about their lifestyles, attitudes and aspect from education and employment (Elliot, 2008). The study revealed the role of both emotional and financial support that would play in the personal growth of the students and the effective interventions by the educational institutions that could play a major role in this regard (Elliot, 2008 ).The critically examination of the current practice of relating the youth unemployment with NEET have yielded eye opening observations (Furlong, 2006). competence based education create mentallys are considered as one of the most successful initiatives to have outcome oriented training sessions. An action oriented research programme undertaken to equip the health care workers in Australia proves this point (Glasgow, 2008). The increase in the chronic illness rate among the population and absence of effective support weapon forced the authorities to plan competence based education programmes to supply the necessary health care workers. The proper planning detected by effective follow up helped the policy to become highly successful. Thus it is one of the successful cases of effective policy intervention which was appropriately tailored to meet the social demand. In the case of NEET the polices could be appropriately designed in similar ways to

Myth as one of the concept of understanding the reality Essay

Myth as one of the concept of understanding the reality - Essay ExampleWhereas men have al styles relied on cover objects and the environment to understand themselves, they now also realized the power of intangible and abstract beliefs and concepts in their pursuit of enlightenment. As explained in Bruno Bettelheims, The Childs collect for Magic, the answers given by myths are definite. He compared myths to childrens fairy tales. He tells us that fairy tales are suggestive. Its messages may imply solutions, but it never spells them out. However, he believes that fairy tales are effective in the formation of truth in the eyes of children. It leave to the childs fantasizing whether and how to apply to himself what the story reveals astir(predicate) life and human temper. As young people inclined to their imaginations instead of cold, hard facts, children usually interpret their daily experiences with what they see in fairy tales. direct we are quite knowledgeable of the fact that in fairy tales, everything has a soul. But this becomes all the more real for children. They take on what Bettleheim calls an animistic view. Associating their suffer lives to what they see in the fairy tales, children believe that everything is alive and has soul. For example, children have the nonion that animals, in real life, have the abilities to guide us in our journeys. This is for the reason that in fairy tales these animals roam freely and widely in the world to guide the hero to his quests. In thinking animistically, everything acquires human characteristics. In the mind of a child, not only animals feel and think as we do, but even stones are alive. By the same reasoning, it is entirely believable for children that objects talk, give advice, and join the hero on his wanderings. Author Conrad Phillip Kottack has also shared some similar views. In his article entitled, Disney Myth and Ritual, myths are said to be often used as mediating figures to resolve oppositions. Kot tack (1974) illustrated that animals, are given human abilities, thus bridging the opposition between culture and nature. In Genesis, a humanlike animal (a bipedal, talking, lying snake) brings culture and nature closer together. In the beginning, Adam and Eve are innocent parts of nature, yet they are unique because of their creation in Gods image. The snake encourages Original Sin, which keeps mankind unique, but in a far less exalted way. The punishment for eating forbidden fruit is a destiny of physical labor, a defend with nature. That humans are a part of nature while also being different from other animals is explained by the serpent-mediators role in the Fall. The fall of mankind is paralleled in the fall of the serpentfrom culture-bearing creature to belly-crawling animal. Obviously, this myth is of significant stature as it is one of the most popular stories in the Bible. Now we dont question the authenticity of such stories in the bible. However it may be largely perce ived that the particular story is indeed but a fable of our ancestors imagination, subject to our different interpretations. This kind of belief in the myths takes on a powerful impact on ones way of viewing life. It absorbs and encompasses ones faith and religion, thus becoming an important instrument of enlightenment to men. Further explained by Kottack (1974), one creator and myth shaping machine for so many Americans is Walt Disney. In many cultures, religion focuses on sacred sites. Disneys works, in the level of magnitude of how it created an impact to Americans

Accounting standards board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Accounting standards board - Essay ExampleAccounting Standards Board (ASB) believes that the statement of commandments is a narrative of the fundamental approach underlining the financial statements of entirely clams oriented businesses.This approach is intended to be up-to-date,consistent internally and should also be in line with all other approaches adopted in the world.Despite the statement of principle assisting in the preparation of the accounting standards,they are also used by preparers and auditors who are faced with new or emerging accounting issues in align to assist them to carry out initial analysis of the issue involved.When reporting the financial position and performance of the firm, the financial statements need to reflect the effect of all transactions of the firm. This can only be achieved by specifying and classifying the items in terms of elements. These elements includeGains This is defined as the increase in the ownership take. This occurs when the company has do a profit after deducting all the expenses from the trades. For example if a business sells a commodity for 4000 and this commodity had cost it 2500. Then we are told the commodity incurred in operation(p) expenses of 300, and therefore we can say the commodity had a gain of 1200. (Lynn, 2004)Losses This is defined as a decrease in the ownership interest. This occurs where the business has more expenses than the sale price. For example, if one buys his goods at 1000 and sells them at 1200, we need to deduct the cost price and other operating expenses from the selling price. ... Assets These are rights or access to afterlife benefits controlled by a business as moment of past transactions. These include things like premises, motor vehicles, stock, and cash in hand and at bank. (Lynn, 2004)Liabilities This is an obligation to transferral the economic benefit due to past transaction. This is what the firm has in the business that does not actually belong to it but it is b orrowed. For example the business might cast off taken a long from the bank of 10,000 to boost the business. This 10,000 loan is referred to as a liability. Ownership Interest This is usually what the owner of the firm has actually contributed to the business. We contain it by deducting the entities liabilities from the entities assets.(Accounting Standards Board, 1999)The above elements enhance financial reporting because these are elements that are included in the profit and bolshy account and those to be included in the balance sheet. For example, gains and loss commonly referred to as revenue and expenses respectively are included in the profit and loss account. On the other had the Assets, liabilities and the ownership interest is included in the balance sheet. (Wood and Sangster, 1999)Matching is not Regarded as the Driver of the Recognition ProcessThe above phrase means that the gains or a loss should not be recognised at the same time. If the effect of a transaction was t o create a new asset or a liability, then the new asset or liability should not be recognised immediately in the balance sheet once there is reliable evidence of its occurrence which should be in monetary value. Unless there is no change in the net asset or the change is as a result of the capital

Why Culture is Everything for Remote Teams Essay Example for Free

Why Culture is Everything for Remote Teams EssayEarlier this division I participated in a group to plan the Long Service Awards for the NHS. I am going to look at the group dynamics with the Tuckman Guide to Group Dynamics.Each year our NHS trust gives out Long Service Awards to staff who have 20,30 or 40 age service with the NHS. The awards argon given out at a celebration buffet by our Chairman and the Executive Directors are in attendance. In order to prepare for the event, the HR assistants come in concert as a group with the band 4 in charge of the project. This year as part of my development I was in charge of the project. I had to bring the groups together and got finished all the tasks from receiving the staff lists, organizing the event to being there on the day to make sure everything runs smoothly.FormingThe squad met and I explained the process of the Long Service awards, the different stages, and time frames. As a lot of the HRAs where new to the role, a lot of support was needed The HRAs where each gives the staff for the Divisional Business Unit and the first stage would be to check all the staff on the list for 20,30 40 years services and contact them. I explained that this needs to be completed by the end of January so that numbers could be calculated to order for us to reserve the Room, Food, Frames, and certificates.StormingThe team went back to their relevant DBUs and started to check staff service history and then contact staff. I found that at this time the HRAs where at different stages. Some of the DBUs where larger than others and so some HRAs had to a greater extent work but when they asked for tending from others with less staff, the others would not help which caused employment and negativity.We met up again to discuss what was happening and to make sure team was working and to see what we could do about the team members who had more work and to berate about more collaboration within the team.NormingWe started meeting m ore and the team members got more involved making suggestions. I delegated out parts of the project. To the team and they were more focused and knew what needed to be done. I delegated out parts of the projects (i.e. checking on the prices of frames, vouchers, rooms, and food to get the best value for money).PerformingOn the day of the event, we arrived early on to set up and make sure that everything arrived on time ticking items of on the checklist as they arrived. The awards were a great success, 120 staff showed up, there were a few issues which we dealt with on the day, where staff at gotten the wrong amount of years but all the staff enjoyed themselves.AdjourningAt the end of the event, the executive Director congratulated us saying how everyone had to enjoy themselves. We pack up and went back to the office to sort through the rest of the certificates and vouchers for the staff who had not been able to attend and to talk through what we did that worked and what needed improv ement. The major thing that did come out was more communication and meetings at the tooth root to make sure the team knew what was expected of them and so help us all work as a team.Whilst the team was working on the Long Service Awards we had a few conflicts with the team. The first was at the beginning when staff that had smaller staff lists would not help those that had the larger lists. I resolved this using the collaborating mode of the Thomas Kilman Instrument, bringing the group back together and talking through the issues. Asking staff who had the capacity to help others.The second was later when we were meeting more often, one of the team did not drive and so it was talking her 1 hours each way for meetings. This was resolved by using the compromising mode of the Thomas Kilman instrument by moving the meetings around the step of the Trust in the separate DBUs not just at Trust HQ and checking to see if any staff could offer lifts when required.

ICT Notes Case Essay Example for Free

ICT Notes Case EssayWhenever personal details or other private nurture is stored about great deal, it is regulated by the information Protection present and organisations storing such information must register with the info protection bureau. It gives rights to data subjects (i.e. in this issue the patients who have specific data about themselves stored on the wellness midsection arranging). Data is subject to 8 main(prenominal) regulations to protect the rights and privacy of individuals. These ar1. face-to-face data sh all told be impact fairly and lawfully.2. Personal data shall be obtained appropriated for one or more specified and lawful purposes. see moreannual function speech3. Personal data shall be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose for which it is apply.4. Personal data shall be accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date.5. Personal data shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for the specified purpose.6. Personal data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects under the act (patients have the right to view and correct information held, except in cases of crime or plastered(prenominal) government agencies).7. Data holders should have appropriate measures in place to protect the data against loss, theft or corruption.8. Personal data shall not be transferred to a country out slope the EEC un little that country ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights of data subjects.Computer Mis enforce Act 1990This law was introduced to cope with the problems of electronic electronic estimator hackers and viruses. The Act was introduced to recognise these three offenses1. unauthorized access to computer materialIf a member of the health pore stave uses another round members password to log onto their user bea, this is illegal. Even if they dont change, delete or damage anything, they be still guilty of accessing materials without authorisation and this is il legal.2. Unauthorised access with intent to commit or speed a crimeThe difference between this and the first offence is that the person gaining access to someone elses system is doing so with the sole purpose of doing something illegal e.g. fraud, work etc. This might mean that they had to guess or steal the password in order to get into someones user area or their bank account.3. Unauthorised modification of computer materialThis offence relates to the deletion or changes made to files with the intent to cause damage to an individual or to the health centres computer system. This offence also covers planting viruses to other peoples systems. Writing a virus technically isnt a crime but if you knowingly transmit a virus to others, you are guilty under this section of the Computer Misuse Act.Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1989This act was passed to make it illegal to copy files, software etc without permission. The law derriere be broken in three ways1. Using software without a proper demonstrate. The health centre must ensure it purchases a site licence which al natural depressions everyone at the centre to use the software.2. Using text or images from the internet and victimization them without the right of first publications owners (the authors) permission or acknowledging where the health centre got them from.3. A member of staff copying a computer program at the health centre and then data track it on their computer at home without permission from the copyright holder.4. Health and Safety Issues Relating to Computer UseThe health centre must ensure under the Health and Safety Regulations 1992 that they nominate a safe running(a) environment for anyone using computers. The health centre must Ensure that the computer equipment is safe.1. Ensure workstations meet the required standards for health and golosh i.e. provide proper computer chairs, foot supports, lighting etc.2. Plan work so the staff have symmetric breaks which allow them to do non-c omputer work.3. Pay for regular eyesight tests for staff using computers regularly.4. Provide health and safety training and information to all staff.There are various health problems associated with the regular use of computers. Here are some of the most common problems and what after part be done to reduce the risksHealth ProblemCauseSolution repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)* Repetitive finger, hand or arm movements.* unequal posture.* Badly designed workstations.* Ensure wrists are straight and elbows are close to your sides when typing.* Ensure posture is correct.* Take regular breaks.Eye strain* Staring at the VDU for long periods.* Poor lighting, shimmer from the screen, flickering screen.* Use a screen filter to reduce glare and keep your eyes at least 18 inches away from the screen.* Ensure appropriate lighting.* Have regular eyesight tests.* Take regular breaks.Back/Circulation problems* Poor posture.* Sitting all day in front of a computer.* Ensure posture is correct.* Ta ke regular breaks and walk to improve circulation.The use of ICT when Paying mental faculty WagesStaff at the health centre are paid using a computerised system and their wages are paid straight into their bank account. The benefits to the health centre for having a computerised system1. It is quicker and more accurate than calculating wages manually.2. The added security that wages are paid straight into bank accounts i.e. Electronic capital Transfer (EFT) money is transferred from the health centres account to the individual staff members account.Employees at the health centre are paid weekly. Payroll uses a system called big bucks affect, this is where all data is stored up and then all processed together. In order to calculate how much each employee should be paid the following inputs, processing and productions must take place.InputsProcessingOutputsEmployee payroll procedure, name, address, DOB, marital status, N I number, hourly rate/annual salary, pension details, holi day entitlement, days off dismal etc* Employee record will be read by the system.* distributively employee will be paid by the system.* Each employee record will be updated by the system* The payslip* Money is transferred from the health centre bank account to each employees bank account.* Report for the health centre detailing updates, payment etcMethods of Maintaining Data SecurityData is priceless to the health centre if they lose their data it is very hard to replace. Loss of data would cripple the health centre in the short term and whitethorn even jeopardise its existence as a service. Measures must therefore be in place to ensure data security. Security can be viewed in legal injury of physical security, access security and data security.Physical SecurityEquipment can be made more secure by1. Keeping a record of all serial numbers on each piece of equipment and mark the health centres name and postcode on all equipment so the legal philosophy can identify stolen property well.2. The health centre could have a security alarm system and surveillance system on the building as well as ensuring that windows and doors are locked after surgery hours to prevent access.3. The closing of blinds on windows and switching off monitors at night will make the computers less visible.4. The use of fireproof doors and smoke alarms will serve well reduce the risk of fire in the building.Access SecurityVast amounts of data is lost callable to carelessness by employees e.g. not saving work, deleting files by accident, not saving files with sensible file names and therefore are difficult to find etc. Limiting each employees access to the system with help to ensure against the loss of data to the health centres system.1. Password -this is still the major line of defence. Restrictions can be imposed on length of password and restrictions on the times a user can access the system.2. Firewall this is a piece of software which sits between the health centres network and t he rest of the internet. It will monitor the system for any breaches of security and protect the health centres information and computing resources by allowing only messages conforming to certain protocols (agreed situated of rules) to be sent/received.3. Anti-Virus Programs this software is used to detect viruses and to limit the damage by removing them.Data SecurityTo prevent the loss of patients records etc the health centre necessitate to ensure that regular O.K.-ups are made of the data on the system using suitable backing store (also known as alternate storage).Types of Backing StorageName of Device benefitsDisadvantagesHard Disks* Large storage capacity 20 gigabytes or more.* Faster to access* Any problems with the hard grow may mean all data stored on it will be lostFloppy Disks* Small and portable* Data can be transferred easily between different computers.* Disks can be made read-only which will reduce the chances of data being accidentally overwritten.* Small stor age capacity 1.44 megabytes.* Accessing data is vague* Being floppy it is easily damagedOptical Disks e.g. CDs DVDs* Direct access to the data.* Faster to access* CD-Rs only allow data to be written onto them only onceThe above list is not exhaustive and you should explore other alternatives.Website Design and HostingThere are many reasons why businesses or individuals have a website. In the case of the health centre it has a website to provide information and services to patients e.g. providing advice on minor ailments, surgery hours etc. Some other purposes of having a websiteType of SiteReasonPersonal* Sharing pictures/stories with friends and familyBusiness* Inform customers of their products/services* Company news, events etc* Recruit staffE-Commerce* Advertising their products/services for sale* religious offering home shopping facilitiesEducational* Offer information on training* On-line encyclopaediasNews and Entertainment* Latest world news* Sports informationA website i s made up of one or more web pages. A web page is created by writing code in a verbiage called HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) which was developed especially to create web pages. There are many web page designs. Most good web pages contend some common elementsWeb Page ElementIts PurposeBannerThis is the area at the top of the page and is often the same on all the other pages of the web site. It may contain a company logo, search box etcMenu agreementThis area provides navigation around the site meaning AreaThe main content of the web page is here. It may contain, text, images, sound etc.FooterThis area will often contain copyright notices, terms and conditions etc.Navigation (method of moving around the site) is important especially if the site is made up of several web pages. There are 3 main methods to of using navigation1. The Hyperlink when you click your mouse on a navigation hyperlink it will take you to another page. This page could be on the same website or a different website (external link).2. The Menu System the navigation menu gives you a choice of which page you want to view next. A menu is a set of hyperlinks grouped together. There are various menu styles such as a side menu which normally sits on the left hand side of the page.3. Hotspot this is an area on the web page which when clicked will allow you to jump to another page. It is a way for the designer to make the hyperlink invisible or for them to allow you to click on an image in order to jump somewhere else. When you hover your mouse over a hotspot the cursor changes to a little handThere are a number of ways to create and design a web pageDesign MethodsSoftwareAdvantagesDisadvantages sequent from a Microsoft Office application* cry* PowerPoint* Simple, just save as a web page* Can only create a staple fiber pageText Editor* Notepad* Low cost as Notepad is free with windows* You have to know a lot about HTML code* lightsome to make a mistake as all the code is written by handWe b Authoring Package* Microsoft Front Page* Macromedias Dreamweaver* It will provide ready made templates* Easy to add/remove pages without breaking the site navigation* Expensive* Takes time to learnIn order for other people to see the health centres web site it must be placed on a web server. This is called hosting. A web server is made up of 2 things* A computer* Running on the computer is a piece of software called web server software.The website is loaded on the servers hard disk, when a request is made to view a web page from the health centres site the server finds it on the hard disk and sends a copy to the computer that has made the request. The WWW is made up of millions of web servers, each connected to the internet. In order to view the health centres website, the requesting computer must be running another piece of software called the web browser.The Use of Systems FlowchartsFlow diagrams are a way to work out the best order to do something. System flowcharts show exactl y how the data moves e.g. the health centre could produce a system flowchart to create a new patient record. The main symbols used to develop flowcharts areStart/EndThe terminator symbol marks the starting or ending point of the process. It usually contains the word Start or End.ProcessA box can represent a single step (add two cups of flour), or and entire sub-process (make bread) within a larger process. endA decision or branching point. Lines representing different decisions emerge from different points of the diamond.Input/OutputRepresents material or information entering or divergence the process, such as customer order (input) or a product (output).Flow LineLines indicate the sequence of steps and the direction of flow.Data storageIndicates a step where data gets stored. For Example Save OrdersDelayIndicates a delay in the process. For sample Wait 1 dayThere are benefits and drawbacks to using system flowcharts. Here are some of themAdvantagesDisadvantagesFlowcharts are good way to communicate the details of a process to all concerned e.g. programmers use them to write commands that will create the computer system.Some processes are so complex that it becomes difficult to represent them clearly in a flowchart.Flowcharts can help people analyse problems, highlight bottlenecks and is a good way to document a process.If an alteration needs to be made to the system, the flowchart usually needs to be redrawn. If it is a complicated flowchart, this can require a lot of work.Flowcharts enable an organisation to have a record of standard business processes. wad need to understand what the flowchart means and what the different symbols represent. You cannot give a flowchart to a novice and expect them to understand it.The Use and Analysis of slew DataThe goal in any survey is to collect accurate and complete information. In order for a survey to be effective and provide meaningful data it should be conducted in a uniform manner i.e. all respondents must be ask ed the same question in the same way. Conducting a face-to-face interview and the completion of a questionnaire are 2 popular ways information is collected.Advantages/Disadvantages of InterviewsAdvantageDisadvantageQuestions are fully completed as respondents can clarify points further with the interviewer.Interviews have to be pre-planned. A time and a place has to be convenient to both individuals. An individual may cancel. exposit information can be gathered in a variety of formats e.g. written, voice recorded.Interviews can cause a change in behaviour and respondents may feel pressurised into giving an answer they would normally not give.The interviewer can give feedback to the respondent e.g. Thats important to know. This can be used to keep the respondent talking and therefore is likely to give more in-depth answers.Interviews are time consuming, costly and information taken by the interviewer may be too detailed, illegible etcAdvantages/Disadvantages of QuestionnairesAdvantag eDisadvantageCan reach a geographically wide spread area.Poor completion and return rate.Many people can be reached in this way quickly and cheaplyPoints cannot be clarified further and writing may be illegible.Easy to conduct statistical analysis on.If they are easy they have little information. If they are complex they may be difficult to understand.The health centre relies on information being up-to-date and accurate in order to plan or make decisions in the short/long term e.g. depending on the number of patients the health centre has will dictate the number of doctors it has on call. The compositors case of information gathering techniques used will depend on the case of information required* Quantitative informationThis is based on numerical facts, figures and statistics e.g. number of patients who are male, sales figures etc.* Qualitative informationThis provides depth and detailed information. It takes into account views, judgements and opinions etc.The type of questions a sked will determine the type of responses given* Closed ended questionsThese can usually be answered by a simple yes or no. They are restrictive and can be answered in a few words e.g. does this answer your question? Or can I help you?* Open-ended questionsThey require a more immense and lengthy answer and are used to gain more information from the respondent e.g. When you say topic, what do you mean? Or What do you mean by topic?Hardware Software that could be used in a Health CentreHardwareDeviceFunctionHealth Centre ApplicationsKeyboardInput forbearing detail input, database, spreadsheets.MouseInputMost computer users prefer to use this.ScannerInputScan hand written notes into the system (maybe from previous doctor).digital cameraInputPhoto ID held on the systemTemperature sensor (thermistor)Input (sensor)Environmental and safety defy systemsSmoke detectorInput (sensor)Environmental and safety control systemsProximity detectorInput (sensor)Environmental and safety control syst ems (doors)VDU MonitorOutputAny application requiring Graphic User interface (GUI) or information display. Receptionist to up-date identificationsDoctor to view patients historyFlat Screen VDUOutputAs above to save spaceLCD bring outOutputAs above using laptops or in bright sunlight. Have limited viewing angle.Inkjet printerOutputHigh quality low volume graphic publications and reports.Laser printerOutputVolume printing such as welcome letters to new patients, mail shots to advise patients of changes in surgery hours etc.Dot matrix PrinterOutputWhere multi copy output is required e.g. prescriptions.SoftwareProgrammeFunctionTheatre ApplicationsDatabaseI/P Process O/P GUIPatient appointment system. Mail shot production.SpreadsheetI/P Process O/P GUI financial analysis and reporting.Control programmeI/P Process O/P GUIEnvironmental and safety control systems e.g. fire safety system.Word ProcessorI/P Process O/P GUIGeneral office purposes. Patient letters and mail shots.Control Syste msA control system is a system of hardware and software thats used to control the operation of a piece of equipment. Two types of control systems* Dedicated these are grassroots systems that carry out a pre-programmed set of instructions e.g. traffic-light system- lights change at fixed time intervals.* Computer-controlled these use a computer to control the output device, and this computer can be connected to a sensor e.g. pressure pad sensor for automatic doors. Sensors measure physical qualities in the environment such as heat, light, pressure, sound etc.In order for a computer to control something there must be three things present1. A means of getting the information into the computer An INPUT2. Instructions for the computer to do something with the input A PROCESS3. It then has to be able to alter something in the right(prenominal) world An OUTPUTMost computer controlled systems use a feedback loop which is when information from a sensor is used to control the output device . The sensor sends signals back to the computer and the computer decides whether to make any changes based on this information. This happens again and again in the loop system. The flowchart below shows a loop system which represents a system for monitoring light levels outdoors and turning on a lamp when it gets dark (i.e. when the light intensity is less than 50 ona scale).Computer Controlled SystemsAdvantagesDisadvantagesComputers can respond instantly to changes.The system is expensive to purchaseSystems can be running 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.Special software is needed.Computers can process data quickly and machines can operate faster than humans.If something unexpected happens, the system may not be able to think for itself.In the health centre the possible control systems areA security alarm system which may have an infra-red sensor which sends a signal when the beam is broken.A heat sensitive sensor in the corner of a room which may detect the presence of a person.Tem perature sensors which could be used to control the thawing in the health centre.Analogue and Digital SignalsDigital and analogue are two different types of transmission systems* An analogue signal can be be as a series of sine waves. The term describes any fluctuating or continually changing process. An example of an analogue signal would be the data sent along a telephone landline. An analogue sensor can take a range of values e.g. a heat sensor.* A digital signal has only two values On and Off. Data transmitted or stored with digital technology is expressed as a string of 0s and 1s. Each of these digits is referred to as a bit (and a string of bits that a computer can address individually as a group is a byte). An example of a digital signal would be the data sent into a television via a digital cable. An analogue sensor can only be On or Off e.g. pressure pad sensor.Computers cannot deal with analogue signals and therefore requires an analogue to digital converter (ADC).This is used to change the analogue data into digital data to allow the computer to process the informationThe ADC is connected between the sensor and the computers input/output port. Once the computer has processed the data, the output often has to be converted to an analogue signal and so a DAC (Digital to Analogue Converter) is used.Database Systems used in a Health CentreA database is an coordinate collection of data which is organised into fields and records. The main benefit to the health centre for having a database is that it allows them to search quickly for specific patient information.Databases can be* Flat-FileAll data is stored in one large table which can be viewed by opening one data file. It can be created using a database system or a spreadsheet. It is ideal for small amounts of data that needs to be human readable or edited by hand. With this type of system there is unnecessary duplicating of data which can mean that mistakes are more likely to happen during data input .* RelationalData is split up into sensible groups and then stored in separate tables. In the case of the health centre they could have a table with customer data, a table with appointment data etc. All the data is linked together by key fields and a database management system (DBMS). This means that data does not have to be duplicated. Relational databases also have built in functions which allow retrieval, editing and sorting of data to be much quicker.